Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution: Crash Course World History #32

Hi, I’m John Green; this is Crash Course

World History, and today we’re going to discuss the series of events that made it

possible for you to watch Crash Course. And also made this studio possible. And made the

warehouse containing the studio possible. A warehouse, by the way, that houses stuff

for warehouses. That’s right, it’s time to talk about the Industrial Revolution. Although it occurred around the same time

as the French, American, Latin American, and Haitian Revolutions - between, say, 1750 and

1850 - the industrial revolution was really the most revolutionary of the bunch. Past John: No way, dude. All those other revolutions

resulted in, like, new borders and flags and stuff. Present John: [sigh] We’ve studied 15,000

years of history here at Crash Course, Me from the Past. And borders and flags have

changed plenty, and they’re going to keep changing. But in all that time, nothing much changed

about the way we disposed of waste or located drinking water or acquired clothing. Most people lived

on or very close to the land that provided their food. Except for a few exceptions, life expectancy

never rose above 35 or below 25. Education was a privilege, not a right. In all those

millennia, we never developed a weapon that could kill more than a couple dozen people

at once, or a way to travel faster than horseback. For 15,000 years, most humans never owned

or used a single item made outside of their communities. Simon Bolivar didn’t change that and

neither did the American Declaration of Independence. You have electricity? Industrial Revolution.

Blueberries in February? Industrial Revolution. You live somewhere other than a farm? Industrial

Revolution. You drive a car? Industrial Revolution. You get twelve years of free, formal education?

Industrial Revolution. Your bed, your antibiotics, your toilet, your contraception, your tap

water, your every waking and sleeping second: Industrial Revolution. [theme music] Here’s one simple statistic that sums it

up: Before the industrial revolution, about 80% of the world’s population was engaged

in farming to keep itself and the other 20% of people from starving. Today, in the United States,

less than 1% of people list their occupation as farming. I mean, we’ve come so far that we don’t

even have to farm flowers anymore. Stan, are these real, by the way? I can’t tell if

they’re made out of foam or digital. So what happened? TECHNOLOGY! Here’s my definition: The Industrial Revolution was an increase

in production brought about by the use of machines and characterized by the use of new

energy sources. Although this will soon get more complicated, for our purposes today,

industrialization is NOT capitalism - although, as we will see next week, it is connected

to modern capitalism. And, the industrial revolution began around 1750 and it occurred

across most of the earth, but it started in Europe, especially Britain. What happened?

Well, let’s go to the Thought Bubble. The innovations of the Industrial Revolution

were intimately interconnected. Like, look, for instance, at the British textile industry:

The invention of the flying shuttle by John Kay in 1733 dramatically increased the speed

of weaving, which in turn created demand for yarn, which led to inventions like the Spinning

Jenny and the water frame. Soon these processes were mechanized using water power, until the

steam engine came along to make flying shuttles really fly in these huge cotton mills. The most successful steam engine was built

by Thomas “They Didn’t Name Anything After Me” Newcomen to clear water out of mines.

And because water was cleared out of those mines, there was more coal to power more steam

engines, which eventually led to the fancying up of the Newcomen Steam Engine by James “I

Got a Unit of Power and a University Named After Me” Watt, whose engine made possible

not only railroads and steamboats but also ever-more-efficient cotton mills. And, for the first time, chemicals other than

stale urine (I wish I was kidding) were being used to bleach the cloth that people wore

- the first of which was sulfuric acid, which was created in large quantities only thanks

to lead-lined chambers, which would’ve been impossible without lead production rising

dramatically right around 1750 in Britain, thanks to lead foundries powered by coal. And all these factors came together to make

more yarn that could be spun and bleached faster and cheaper than ever before, a process

that would eventually culminate in $18 Crash Course Mongols shirts. Available now at DFTBA.com.

Thanks, Thought Bubble, for that shameless promotion of our beautiful, high-quality t-shirts

available now at DFTBA.com. So, the problem here is that with industrialization

being so deeply interconnected, it’s really difficult to figure out why it happened in

Europe, especially Britain. And that question of why turns out to be one of the more contentious

discussions in world history today. For instance, here are some Eurocentric reasons

why industrialization might have happened first in Europe: There’s the cultural superiority

argument that basically holds that Europeans are just better and smarter than other people.

Sometimes this is formulated as Europeans possessing superior rationality. By the way,

you’ll never guess where the people who make this argument tend to come from - unless

you guessed that they come from Europe. And then, others argue that only Europe had

the culture of science and invention that made the creation of these revolutionary technologies

possible. Another argument is that freer political institutions encouraged innovation and strong

property rights created incentives for inventors. And, finally, people often cite Europe’s

small population because small populations require labor-saving inventions. Oh, it’s

time for the Open Letter? An Open Letter to the Steam Engine. But first,

let’s see what’s in the secret compartment today. Oh, it’s a TARDIS. Truly the apex

of British industrialization. Dear Steam Engine, You know what’s crazy?

You’ve really never been improved upon. Like this thing, which facilitates time travel,

probably runs on a steam engine. Almost all electricity around the world, whether it’s

from coal or nuclear power, is just a steam engine. It’s all still just water and heat, and

it speaks to how truly revolutionary the Industrial Revolution was that since then, it’s really

just been evolution. Best Wishes, John Green So, you may have heard any of those rationales

for European industrialization, or you may have heard others. The problem with all of

them, is that each time you think you’re at the root cause it turns out there’s a

cause of the root cause. To quote Leonardo DiCaprio, James Cameron, and coal mine operators,

“We have to go deeper.” But, anyway, the problem with these Eurocentric

why answers, is that they all apply to either China or India or both. And it’s really

important to note that in 1800, it was not clear that Europe was going to become the

world’s dominant manufacturing power in the next hundred years. At the time, China,

India, and Europe were all roughly at the same place in terms of industrial production. First, let’s look at China. It’s hard

to make the European cultural superiority argument because China had been recording

its history since before Confucius, and plus there was all that bronze and painting and

poetry. It’s also kind of difficult to make a blanket

statement that China was economically inferior to Europe, since they invented paper money

and led the world in exports of everything from silk to china. I mean, pre-Industrial

Revolution, population growth was the surest sign of economic success, and China had the

biggest population in the world. I guess that answers the question of whether they’re

digital. It’s also difficult to say that China lacked

a culture of invention when they invented gunpowder, and printing, and paper, and arguably

compasses. And China had more free enterprise during the Song dynasty than anywhere in the

world. Some argue that China couldn’t have free

enterprise because they had a long history of trying to impose monopolies on items like

salt and iron. And that’s true, but when it comes to enforcing those monopolies, they

also had a long history of failure. So really, in a lot of ways, China was at least as primed

for an Industrial Revolution as Britain was. So, why didn’t it happen? Well, Europeans

- specifically the British - had two huge advantages: First, Coal. When you trace the

story of improved transportation, or communication, or industrial efficiency, or better chemical

manufacturing, it always comes back to coal, because the Industrial Revolution was all about

using different forms of energy to automate production. And England had large supplies of coal that

were near the surface, which meant that it was cheap to mine, so it quickly replaced

wood for heating and cooking and stuff. So that encouraged the British to look for more

coal. The only problem with coal mining, aside from it being, you know, like, deadly and

everything, is that the coal mines flooded all the time. I guess coal mining is also

a little problematic for, like, the health of, you know, like, the planet. But, because there was all this incentive

to get more coal out of the ground, steam engines were invented to pump water out of

the mines. And because those early steam engines were super inefficient, they needed a cheap

and abundant source of fuel in order to work - namely, coal, which meant they were much

more useful to the British than anyone else. So steam engines used cheap British coal to

keep British coal cheap, and cheap British coal created the opportunity for everything

from railroads to steel, which like so much else in the Industrial Revolution, created

a positive feedback loop. Because they run on rails, railroads need steel. And because

it is rather heavy, steel needs railroads. Secondly, there were Wages. Britain (and to

a lesser extent the Low Countries) had the highest wages in the world at the beginning

of the 18th century. In 1725, wages in London were the equivalent of 11 grams of silver

per day. In Amsterdam, they were 9 grams. In Beijing, Venice, and Florence, they were

under 4. And in Delhi, they were under 2. It’s not totally clear why wages were so

high in Britain. Like, one argument is that the Black Death lowered population so much

that it tightened labor markets, but that doesn’t explain why wages remained low in,

like, plague-ravaged Italy. Mainly, high wages combined with cheap fuel costs meant that

it was economically efficient for manufacturers to look to machines as a way of lowering their

production costs. To quote the historian Robert Allen: “Wages were high and energy was cheap.

These prices led directly to the industrial revolution by giving firms strong incentives

to invent technologies that substituted capital and coal for labor.” Ugh, Stan, I’m a little worried that people

are still going to accuse me of Eurocentrism. Of course, other people will accuse me of

an anti-European bias. I don’t have a bias against Europe. I love Europe. Europe gave

me many of my favorite cheeses and cross-country skiing and Charlie Chaplin, who inspired today’s

Danica drawing. Like, the fact of coal being near the surface

in Britain can’t be chalked up to British cultural superiority. But the wages question

is a little different because it makes it sound like only Europeans were smart enough

to pay high wages. But here’s one last thing to consider: India

was the world’s largest producer of cotton textiles, despite paying basically the lowest

wages in the world. Indian agriculture was so productive that laborers could be supported

at a very low cost. And that, coupled with a large population, meant that Indian textile

manufacturing could be very productive without using machines, so they didn’t need to industrialize. But more importantly from our perspective,

there’s a strong argument to be made that Indian cotton production helped spur British

industrialization. It was cotton textiles that drove the early Industrial Revolution,

and the main reason that Britain was so eager to produce cottons was that demand was incredibly

high. They were more comfortable than woolens, but they were also cheaper, because cottons

could be imported from India at such a low cost. So, Indian cottons created the market and

then British manufacturers invested in machines (and imported Indian know-how) to increase

production so that they could compete with India. And that’s at least one way in which

European industrialization was truly a world phenomenon. For those of you who enjoy such

highly contentious and thorny, cultural historical debates, good news. Next week, we’ll be

talking about capitalism. Thanks for watching, I’ll see you then. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan

Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history

teacher, Raoul Meyer, and myself. We are ably interned by Meredith Danko. And our graphics

team is Thought Bubble. Last week’s phrase of the week was "The

New England Revolution." That was challenging. If you want to suggest future phrases of the

week or take a guess at this week's, you can do so in comments, where you can also ask

questions about today’s video that will be answered by our team of historians. Thanks for watching Crash Course, and as we

say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome.