01 Introduction Green Energy

in the following couple of minutes um tackle a little bit the question on climate change on Energy Systems and the necessity of green energy therefore let me start um about let's say the oops Jesus Christ about the development and Trends in climate change and let's say if we look a little bit about the weather records in the last um let's say 100 150 years um we clearly see that let's say in the 1850s in the 1900s the temperature has been let's say variating but more or less um around more or less the same average value and this has changed so starting with 1900 1920 1940 and especially accelerated based on 1980 what you can see easily here from this data so that mean today we are an average about um 0 8 degree above the average and what we also have seen is that um in the recent years there is a clear difference between the development in the land average and in the ocean average so in the land average a temperature is even higher compared to what we just have seen and the ocean average is less higher and less increased most likely this is due to the higher heat capacity of the oceans and they very will um exchange um due to this ocean currents what we do have on the global scale if you look about the temperature anomalies in um different areas here at example of 2021 we have seen that basically everywhere throughout the world we have seen higher temperatures which are clearly above the average and when you look about 2022 be careful now it's 2022 we have seen that even there last year which are not the final data yet even last year especially on the Northern Hemisphere the temperature has been clearly even higher than in 2021 when you compare this this is 21 and now be careful here 2022 um in the northern hemisphere it has still even higher so there is a clear effect there's a clear change there's a clear um let's say um change in the average temp riches and what we also see if we look about the different um months throughout the year here exemplarily for 2019 we have seen that let's say throughout the year we do see that let's say sometimes we have lower temperature sometimes we have higher temperature but in average we have seen clearly that there is a clear temperature increase related to pre-industrial times this is simple an observation and what we can see if we look a little bit more closely about the situation for example in Germany what you do see here then we can see compared to pre-industrial times and this is from the German Weather Service um which is a state-owned organization there you can see that in 2021 we have already in average a linear Trend in Germany of 1.6 degree see more compared to pre-industrial time and this mean that in Germany or in Middle Europe or yeah that um there we have clearly a higher temperature increase compared to the global Trend which is just 1.1 degree so this is also what um let's say goes a little bit hand in hand what I said already that over land we have seen a more increase in temperature compared to the oceans and Germany is still we only have very little oceans and only very very little Coast so additionally this is for 2021 the 2022 data are not out yet but what we know so far is that let's say in 2022 um we have such a lot of sun here in Germany as we never had before since the starting of um weather records and in the sunshine hours I was 2025 hours they're about 30% over the reference value of the period between 9 61 in 1990 so we had clearly last year significant more sun and so even compared to the um time period between 1991 and 2020 even there it was roughly 20% more so there's a lot of things ongoing and changing and this has also the consequence that we have additionally here in Germany the problem that we get less precipitation in some areas not always not everywhere but in some areas and here you can see the value exemplarily for I guess this is 2020 what you can see here and there you can see that in Eastern Germany the former gdr especially the red areas he has been extremely dry in these days and the Ry has so little water as we never had seen before and that even there ships the let's say going from let's say the Netherlands up to the rine up to Manheim and further down even to Basel that they could not go because there was too little water what we also have observed is that let's say in the eastern part of Germany um there we have let's say the trees are um dying because they don't have enough water and we have seen trees which areund and more years old that they simply die to to missing water a similar defin similar development we also can see in Algeria oh Jesus Christ my mouse is a little bit strange at the moment what we can see in Algeria is more or less the same development here in the average temperature in alia Between 1979 and 2023 that we have seen that the average temperature has here increased between 17.5 degree in let's say the late 70s up to close to 90 degrees C in the mean in the early 20s of this decade or of this Century so also there is a clear temperature increase seen and if we look about the annual days with an heat index about 35 Dee then we have seen that this has clearly increased from the 1950s up to the 2020s um to roughly 15 days with a heat index about 35° C if you just look about the time period between 1990 and 2020 then the increase is even steeper so it looks like as if this development accelerates in last couple of years so if we look on about the precipitation also for um Algeria then we have seen that some parts they are more or less stable from the rainfall average throughout the years other regions like here the oran region that see a clearly decrease in precipitation throughout the years so also there we have similar developments as we can see them for Germany what we also see in last couple of years is that the extreme weather events that they strongly increase yeah we have more flooding we have more strong thunderstorms and of course we have more TR days what we have seen already so from this point of you if you look about the um extreme weather events then we have seen in Germany a lot of um let's say dry days especially throughout summer we have seen more storms yeah and this is something which the insurance companies really um let's say put a focus on because the insurance what you have to pay yearly for um let's say some storm and something like this has increased significantly the same is true also for the weather situation yeah but we also have seen that for example in the reference month here exemplarily for November that the average precipitation has clearly decreased and we have a strong problem in filling up our water reservoirs throughout the winter because in in the old days typically in winter time the water reservoirs in the underground has been filled up with a lot of rain and snow and this is not there anymore um so what is the consequence if we look in the the future most likely we will see that um let's say we have for example more problems with um let's say um fire in our forest which is starting already here you can see this is the fire brigate um trying to avoid that the already existing fire is more spreading away that's the reason why they put the water into the forest and most likely we will see in the years to come that this likelihood is increasing significantly in the years to come that um let's say fire in the forest will increase how is the situation in Algeria it's more or less the same story we have seen that more let's say heavy rainfalls um um occur for example here in the shf province um there even some people died and we can see that let's say there was a lot of flooding and the same is true also for the wildfires that let's say due to the dry situation um let's say the um um the dry biomass is burning and then of course we get a lot of problems um if you look in the future it's again like we have seen in Germany most likely the ared areas in Algeria they will grow they will increase and they will move further step by step towards the Mediterranean coast and we will see that let's say most likely the moderate areas in alera where let's say people can live um in under good conditions they will decrease and this will of course put some pressure on one hand side on agriculture on the other hand side also on the people living there so be more or less this is the same story what we can see in Germany and what we can see in Algeria what we can conclude out of this we have seen that the global climate is changing in an increasingly accelerating manner so there's a a not of speed in it this is true for basically all locations throughout the world and what is most worrying me personally is that each year we have new weather extremes are published every year the weather forecast said oh the first time since starting of the records we have a new um let's say record yeah and what we ALS have seen that there's a strong Regional variations relating to these changes each for example in Germany the average temperature increases already 1.6 and the global average is 1.1 and therefore we see that the extremes and the differences will still increase in the time to come the climate change results in clearly higher probabilities of extreme weather conditions floods storms thrs or whatever or combinations of these effects and the question which I cannot answer but which we have to discuss in the years to come is how we can motivate nature to adapt to these fast changes without putting severe problems on humans yeah and last but not least most likely climate change will accelerate even more in the time to come and as a matter of survival therefore it is visible for us to put measures into Force limiting such effects so ladies and gentlemen this is the situation what we have seen and now the question is what are the reasons and what are measures to prevent and at least minimize the effects of this yeah what we have seen in last 100 150 200 years is that especially starting with the year 1900 and then 1950 that our Global Energy System is basically exploding yeah when you look at the picture from 1900 50 to 2021 um you have seen that let's say the energy Demand on a global scale has basically exploded and when you look on the small graphic what you can see here then you can see that basically since 1950 every year we had a clear increase in the energy demand and the only decrease what we have seen this was the financial crisis in 2728 and the corona prices in 2020 this was the year 2020 was the year with the highest decrease in energy consumption since 1945 yeah just to keep this in mind so and this increase in energy which is mainly provided mainly fired mainly promoted by coal oil and natural gas yeah and this fossil fuel energy carrier they have resulted in a clearly increase in annual CO2 emissions and this is what you can see here very nicely that basically all the last years every year we have seen a new alltime high emissions in greenhouse gas emissions in CO2 which is also true for 2021 so 2021 has been the highest so far and according to current knowledge for 2022 this will also be true for 2022 what is also quite interesting is that let's say China has seen in the 2000 between 2000 and 2010 a tremendous development of his economy and this is the reason why China has basically exploding the use of fossil fuel energy and this resulted in this lots of CO2 emissions so when we then look what is happening with the co2emissions on a global scale then you can see here the measurements of the co two um um concentration in the ument air on the maaloa observatory in Hawaii from the US um Global monitoring laboratory and there can see that let's say since 1960 the share of CO2 inside the ambient air has going clearly up and what we see what I think is very interesting is that we have a let's say yearly curve where it's going up and down down up and down and the reason for this is that let's say in the northern hemisphere we have much more ve vegetation compared to the Southern Hemisphere and that mean that we have a decrease during summer when we have the let's say growing season season on the Northern Hemisphere and if it's winter season and early spring then we have a decrease because then no uptake of CO2 from the forest in the northern hemisphere takes place so if we compare this amount of CO2 in the atmosphere for related to the last 800,000 years but you can see very nicely here and this data here where which are now let's say yellow this data can be easily measured if you make a b hole in Greenland or in the Antarctic where you can measure inside this ice field which is quite old you can measure the content of CO2 in the Ambient Air at these days and there you can see that let's say mainly the share of um CO2 in the atmosphere has been in most cases between let's say 170 and 300 PPM and then if you look for the last couple of years there you can see that it goes up significantly and today in 2022 we had an average value of 422 PPM that mean already since the year 2000 which is not so far away at least from my point of view as an old man yeah we can see that the global atmospheric amount has grown by 12% and since pre-industrial times the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere has grown already by 50% so keep this in mind that there is a very strong development what we can see at a moment and if we correlate this development of the increase in CO2 related to the temperature then we can see that both developments go hand in hand yeah so this is what we can see for the time being and therefore it's most likely that this CO2 from fossil fuel energy clearly influence the development of global climate and especially of average temperatures of course ladies and gentlemen this is not the only effect we also do have other effects um we have some negative effects on climate for example the aerosols the more people on this Earth the more aerosols the more um dust is in in the ambient air and the consequence is that let's say more solar radiation is reflected directly back into the orbit um and this has the the effect that is a kind of cooling and then we have also some other positive effects but in summer all over the CO2 emissions dominate this development and see that we have a clearly increase in temperature in recent years if you look on the future and this is again a picture from the German um weather um fork or the Weather Service there you can see that for Germany they expect by 20 70 2080 um we expect that the average increase in temperature in Germany will be about 3.5 to 4 degree depending on the probability of the further developments if no additional measures are taking place if we take some additional measures and try to reduce globally the CO2 emissions then you can see that we still assume that we stay below 2 degre C but according to the developments in recent years this is a less likely development um if you look on Algeria it's basically the same story but you start because you're more th you start on a higher level and this is for example a map of the daily Heatwave magnitude index and there you can see that let's say if we look in the future and this one is um let's say for 2071 to 2100 there you can see that let's say depending on the scenario it's getting more and more extreme that heat waves will occur with all the consequences and this is also true if we look then about the mortality risk ratio that let's say with increasing time and higher temperatures the probability that people will die due to heat waves will increase and just a comment on um let's say a side comment even in Germany in 2020 in the summertime we had clearly higher motility and death rate due to high temperatures because let's say we are not so adapted to is compared to Corona so for Corona less people has died compared to the high temperatures which we have seen in 2020 but this is only a side comment in this respect so ladies and gentlemen let me try to summarize what I tried to explain in the recent decades the global Energy System has clearly increased I would say has it exploded yeah and will most likely further grow in the years to come so far most of the energy used by humans is based on fossil carbon based energy sources like oil gas and um coal the obviously accelerating global climate change can be attributed mainly to the under progenic greenhous gas emissions and here mostly to the emissions of CO2 this is the main important driver there are also other drivers of course but this is the main driver and beside this human influence global climate also in other ways in a positive negative way but the most important one is CO2 without any additional measures our world becomes more and more unlivable and the climate pressure on humans will clearly increase this is what I said that if we have clearly higher temperatures the motility death rate will clearly increase yeah the use of fossil fuel Energies sources like coil coal oil and natural gas has the highest anthropogenic influence on global climate according to current knowledge energy provision without emissions of greenhous gas emissions would help to avoid or at least to reduce the further androgenic climate effect with this ladies and gentlemen the question is what is the solution out of this let's say dead end where we are at the moment yeah and we think that renewable energies as a decisive oops as a decisive tools for combining combating climate change can be a solution so what is needed according to the scientists dealing with let's say climate models is that if you would like to limit the global warming to 1.5 degre c yeah um then you can see that we have a extremely steep reduction necessity um to um let's say um achieve this goal by 2050 which is honestly speaking um as a let's say Professor here at Hamburg University very very unlikely yeah so therefore if we go for to limit the global warming to do decreas see even there we have to take very strong measures quickly and very fast to achieve this goal and this is then some of the pathways what we have to follow so and therefore the question is how do we see the energy demand in the years to come and this is what you can see here with the different scenarios from different sources which has been simply let's say collected and put in one graphic and there you can see that most of the scenarios assume that our energy demand will slowly increase till 2050 on a global scale but nevertheless ladies and gentlemen you have to keep in mind that most of the scenarios what you can see here on this screen that most of them assume that we um stick to the 2 de C goal if we assume that this will not be fulfilled most likely the overall energy Demand on a global scale will even be higher and this is much in line with the development what we have seen in the last two to three decades so if we assume that this energy demand is there then the question is can we provide the energy or can we Supply the energy on a more Green Way on a more sustainable on a more climate sound way and there can see yes we can yes we can do this and the most important options is on one hand side photov voltes this is what you can see here on the left hand side is a photovolt system on a house or on a let's say school on on the right hand side is a let's say photovoltaic plant and we can use wind energy and there you can see let's say wind energy onshore and offshore this is a view from one of the wind parks in the North Sea additionally we have the options to go for solar tower and solar farm system Solar thermal application which might be an option for also also Algeria not for Germany but um the disadvantage of this systems is that they are still too expensive the other twoos wind and solar is much cheaper PB then we have the the biomass options which is stick to the area where we do have um available biomass available this might be um an option for Bio gas for Algeria um most likely not solid biomass and last but not least we have hydrop power um and we have geothermal energy which are both um not necessarily the bullet point or the most important point for Algeria but hydrop power is at least for Europe a topic and geocal energy for areas where we have geocal resources so these are the options what we do have and are these options valid yes they are and there this is what you can see nicely here between the year 2010 and 2019 or 20 20 we have seen that photovoltaic has shown a price drop of up to 90% And this is the development for PV we also have seen a clearly um price decrease in offshore wind and onshore wind compared to Coal which is more or less stable and nuclear energy has even increased the price so y we have on one hand side the possibility to provide green energy on the other hand side we can provide this with increasingly less costs and this is I think indeed a positive development and this is also the reason why M ladies and gentlemen that we see when we look in the different scenarios what has been published in recent years that all of the scenarios assume that wind power and py explodes in the years to come all of this developments assume that we have a very strong increase in the use of wind and solar in recent years and here just a very brief side comment if you look at such Graphics um five years ago then you will see that all these scenarios underestimated the real development in reality the development of the wind Market and the solar Market has been even stronger compared to what the scenarios has been assumed if this will be the case in the future we will see but this has been the development in the fast so and this is again from my point of view a positive development now the question is do we have the resources to use PV and wind yes we have and this is very nicely what you can see from Algeria here you can see that we have a lot of let's say solar radiation and in this case let's say Algeria shows a kind of Pole Position globally because when you see here that let's say Algeria has part of the best solar resources we have available on this globe for the time being so from that point of view this is fine if you look about wind there we can see y also wind power has Algeria a lot lot of resources in different times of the year this is for um spring summer autumn and winter but there you can see we have also clearly High potentials for using wind energy and compared to the global situation um for area which is in this um let's say on this um part of the world Algeria has also very very good conditions yeah they are only better if you go f further north or further south where let's say we have for example our offshore wind but compared to other countries in this area Algeria has also very good conditions so from that point of view all the um traffic lights are on green related to make the Energy System more green so let me try to summarize a little bit um we have seen that only Renewables and in particular wind power and solar energy promise a valid and robust solution for kenos G neutral energy provision based on available existing technology and this is what we will see further down the road of this um webinar where we will present you the state of technology in Renewables electricity generation cost of such system have clearly decreased I um let's say discussed this in recent years the share of Green electricities from the sources has increased globally has exploded basically and this has been independent governmental measures and this is also positive development this this is very much driven by the market unexploited wind and solar potentials are huge globally as well as in Algeria but these resources and this is the negative Point are not necessarily coherent with the given energy demand both in location and time this is also what we have seen here yeah for example we have huge resources in the North Sea for example SLE but there is of course no demand here we only have the demand which is let's say onshore in Germany in the Netherlands in so and to pave the road towards the cleanhouse gas neutral Energy System sufficient storage options are needed yeah because necessarily the wind is not blowing always and a tradable transportable storable secondary cre energy carrier easily producible from electricity based on existing technology is needed and therefore countries rich in renewable energy like Algeria have the opportunity also to export green energy in the future to cover the demand for such green energy in areas less favored with wind and solar resources like for example in Germany keeping this in mind the question arise of course we are here in a webinar for hydrogen how fits hydrogen into this picture how is the role of hydrogen in this background and therefore we have to keep in mind that on one hand side so far I just talked about green electricity green electricity has the benefit you can use it very efficiently all Technologies are basically available we know the system we have already existing infrastructure so everything is fine but ladies and gentlemen it's kind of um I should not make this with the yeah um the interpretor is sometimes switching into my channel sorry for that um bound um but it's bound to inflexible infrastructure like power lines the the the oversea transport is not barely um the interpretor is in the English Channel and speaks here in in French so maybe you can go to the um French Channel and some sectors cannot be electrified like Aviation and large scale storage Systems Technology are not available except of um Hydro um pump storage system therefore I we believe that we need in the future additionally green molecules yeah that mean large scale storage can then be easily integrated we can develop a flexible global Market yeah and if we use green molecules as hydrogen then the use of hydrogen or hydrogen derivates is part is potentially in nearly all sectors possible of course there are some disadvantages but therefore this is a possibility that both of them green electricity BL hydrogen will let's say help to solve the problems what I just outlined if we talk about this and this is mainly the topic what we are tackling within this webinar then first of all we have to look about where is the green electricity coming from this is the main and most important point then the question is where we have the water to make hydrogen from if we go for countries like the Middle East or like um other ared areas where we have a lot of sun then the question is how we can provide the electri the the hydrogen how we can store it how we can transport and how we can use it and this is what we will tackle throughout the different sessions so first of all we will have a look about the green the electricity and therefore mainly it's PV what you can see here on the lower left side you can see also PV solar blend in Saudi Arabia which has they has been installed there on the other hand side we can see wind energy on the right hand side wind offshore and wind onshore for Algeria I would say it's mostly wind onore so and then we have to look where is the water coming from and how we can transport the electricity to a place where we have water and can install the electrolyzer so electricity transport is not such a sexy topic water supply is also not such a interesting topic but nevertheless I mean the technology for water desalination for example from the Mediterranean Sea or from the Atlantic this is but this um let's say rocket science these are systems which work which operate and can provide enough water to be used in the electrolyzer to produce green electricity green hydrogen so and this technology is also there there you can see some examples how such electrolyzer look like this is for the engineers from you and we will look a little bit more in detail what is the state of Technology what is the efficiencies and what are the options and the um pros and cons of these Technologies So based on this if we have the hydrogen the question is how we can store it how we can transport it and the storage is already possible we can store it um let's say in a salt cover this is let's say at least the option here for the north of Germany there should be no problem we can store it in organic um molecules we can store it in solid like um metal hydrate we can store it in pressure tanks like here you can see it over there or we can even store it as liquid hydrogen or as pressurized hydrogen so there are a lot of Technologies most of them are available some of them still need to be further developed in the years to come so the storage is possible and then the transport okay transport is not so a sexy topic we transport already hydrogen to a large extent this can be done via truck this is what we can find already in Germany for example or in Europe um we transport already hydrogen via pipelines this is also easily possible if we can even rofit existing natural gas pipes to the use of um hydrogen and we can transport it um via ship the first ship is on duty between um Australia and um Japan for the time being and of course we can even transport it on rain and with um let's say ship on Rivers so therefore the transport is possible and then of course the question is can we use it yeah of course we can use it we can use it um on one hand side in industry in the chemical industry in the pharmaceutical industry or steel industry and we can use it in the transportation sector like you can see on left hand side Airbus is currently developing an airplane with um let's say powered by liquid hydrogen in the north of Germany we already have a let's say train connection um operated by pressurized hydrogen um we have a lot of cars which drive by a fuel cell operated by hydrogen and currently we have a lot of startups which um try to um develop the market for hydrogen trucks so from that point of you yes the usage is there so we can realize this so therefore ladies and gentlemen hydrogen allows the access to various energy markets outside the pure electricity market so we can provide green electricity via Renewables and then let's say provide hydrogen and hydrogen can then say cover the rest of the energy Market on a sustainable and climate neutral way hydrogen can be transported on short and long distances can be stored short and long term and used in the heat Market in the electricity Market in the mobility market and in the market as a raw material and this is manifold ways meeting the actual given needs and demands hydrogen has the potential to contribute to more environmental sound and truly sustainable energy system so therefore if we go for hydrogen if we go for green electricity and hydrogen we can develop an energy system which is Also let's say possible to sustain for the Childs of your child and not only for Our Generation so then we also can take care about the gener the next and the following generation and this on a national as well as International Way hydrogen might become the most important renewable energy based secondary energy carrier in the years to come there is the potential and there is the possibility and therefore we can contribute with this and overcome these Regional differences between areas with a high energy provision and areas with let's say a high energy demand that mean for countries rich in renewable energy hydrogen can pave the road towards a long-term income because oops because there's always countries with a high energy with a high energy demand and low potential in Ren energies and with