Session 24 - Selenium with Java | Locators - XPath | XPath Functions | XPath Types

so today uh we'll see uh xath locator the last 

classes we have seen the basic locators like ID name link text partial link text tag name and 

class name and then we also discussed about CSS selector and different combinations of CSS 

selector and today we'll see one more type of uh locator which is xath and most important 

and most of most of the times we prefer to use xath 80 to 90% of the times we always use xath to 

locate the element even in Automation and realtime projects and almost everywhere uh let's see what 

exactly xath means and what it contains so how we can write an xath how we can generate an xath and 

what are the different types of xath we can create there are multiple things we have to discuss in 

this okay let us start so the basic definition what is an exp X path is nothing but it is derived 

from the XML path basically the X path Works based on the XML it is derived from the XML language XML 

is a extensible markup language it is just like an HTML XML is also another type of a scripting 

language from XML xath is got created or designed in shortcut in XML path in shortcut we can call 

it as a x paath and what is the definition of the xth X paath is an address of the element xath is 

representing an address of the element means what if there is an element on the web page it can be 

anywhere on the throughout the web page it can be placed anywhere there should be some address for 

that element okay for every element there should be some address and that address we can capture 

that is called xath address of the element xath is representing an address of the element okay 

from where we will get that xath xath works based on the Dom Dom is nothing but a document object 

model so document object model this is the full form of Dom so let us try to understand what 

is a Dom Dom is nothing but a document object model which is got created when you browsing the 

web page at the run time okay so normally what is happening is how we can browse the pages you 

will open the browser and he will you will type some URL like this so as soon as you type URL or 

as soon as you hit something and at the run time it will load the Dom structure so now you got a 

page so if you try here and you can say inspect so whatever you can see here this is called Dom 

okay so here in the elements you can see right this is called Dom d document object model okay so 

this document object model this Dom will be loaded at the run time once you browse any web page and 

based on this Dom the XML or xath will work also we can capture xath uh from this particular do 

docment object model okay so xath is an address of the element and we can capture the xath from 

the Dom itself okay sometimes what happens is you have created some xath locator in your automation 

script and you have executed and you may get some kind of exception like Dom is not loaded something 

like that so what does it mean is that xath will able to capture from the Dom but when you browsing 

the page at the time Dom is still not fully loaded so once this Dom is fully generated by the browser 

then only xath will able to capture it the element or xath will automatically works if the Dom is 

still not loaded completely so even the xath is correct it cannot identify the element and 

that cannot be find in the Dom so Dom should be completely loaded and then only xath will work 

right so document object model so xath will work based on the Dum document object model now there 

are two kinds of xar and somebody's writing just a second okay just a moment all right so xath is an address of the 

element Dom is a document object model based on the Dom xath will work okay now so there are 

two kinds of X paath we have let us see what are those two types of X paths two types of X path 

okay one is called absolute X path absolute X path and this is also called as full X path second 

type of X path is called relative X path which is also called partial X paath okay absolute X paath 

and partial X path absor X paath means what is also called as full X paath relative X paath is 

nothing but a partial X paath these are the two kinds of X paath we have so let me show you how 

these xarts looks like suppose I just open open some application here any application you can 

just open suppose I want to find xath of this input box okay so you can just right click 

on it and uh you can simply say uh here you can say inspect that element so here input is 

a tag name there are some more attributes are there right so if you want to capture xath from 

the dev tools simply you can write click on this statement and here you can see copy and here you 

can see two options copy xath copy full X paath so when I say copy full X paath and then paste 

it over here this is called absolute xath okay now let me show you relative xath so for the 

same statement again I'm right clicking here go to copy and then say copy xath just copy xath 

and then you can see xath like this so this is a relative xath and this is a absolute xath this is 

an example for Absol xath this is the example for the relative xath so there are two kinds of xath 

which we have one is called absor X path this is an example I'll discuss all the stuff differences 

how we can generate all those things just to have some time okay this is a relative X path okay so 

this is Absol X path and this is the relative X path okay now if you look at these two x paaths we 

can see lot of difference so in absolute xath if you look at here this exper is got generated what 

exactly they are if you look at this what is this HTML body header d d input these are all tab these 

are all tag names okay if you look at this HTML you can see HTML header body right and these are 

all multiple T tags are there and here there is a input so absolute xath contains only the tag names 

but where exactly our element is present this is our EXA element which is having input tag right 

that is our exact element we are looking for but apart from this tag it is also captured other tag 

names which are there in the previous nodes means what if you look at the absolute X path this 

is the actual element but from where it is got generated from the HTML then it go to body then 

header section inside this there are D inside this another D inside this another D again here 

there are multiple DS are there so it is go to Second D again one more D and here we can find the 

input act that means Absol X paath will be created created by navigating each and every node till you 

reaches the expected node for example let's say here input is tag so what is the root node here 

is HTML we are just navigating from the beginning so Absol xath is always start from the root HTML 

node we can call it every tag is a node okay node is representing one element so HTML is a root node 

and inside this we go to body inside the body we go to header and inside the header there is one 

D tag if I look at this uh X paath you can just compare like this so first HTML then body then 

header so inside the header there is only one D tag here so there is a One D now if we expand this 

D tag little bit like this again there is two D tags are there three D tags are there inside the 

D so this is a header header contains One D tag inside this D tag there is one more D tag and you 

can look at here this is a main D tag under header and inside this there is another D tag now if you 

expand this D tag again there are three D tags now in which D tag is available our element in 

the second D tag so we need to expand the second one right so here we can say index D of two and 

inside this there is only one D tag and this D tag contains a input tag so here which contains only 

one du tag which contains the input so if you look at this absolute xath observed xath will navigate 

from the root HTML so till it reads the element it will capture every node or every tag between 

the HTML and your element between these two whatever the nodes are available in the hierarchy 

basically it will follow the hierarchy structure in that particular tree or hierarchy model it 

will capture each and every tag or node till it reaches the element and Absol X paath contains 

only tag names okay so this is a Absol X paath it is starting from the HTML node navigated each 

and every tag in the hierarchy and then finally it reaches the element here this is called absolute 

X paath now come to the relative X path relative X path will directly jump to the element because 

in the relative X path we no need to navigate from the root node we will directly jump to the 

element by using some attribute so what is the major difference between absolute and relative 

xath is absolute xath we never specify any attributes we never use any attributes here just 

we use only tag names of the elements but in the relative X path we use something called attributes 

we can use single attribute or we can use multiple attributes there are multiple options are there 

but we will use mainly attribute of the element and here star star representing a node star star 

uh sorry SL SL star is representing the tag name or instead of star we can put the tag name also 

no problem and attribute and first it will go to search and in that you can find the input tag 

suppose if you look at here this is input and where is this input tag is there in the parent 

so this div is a parent so input is not having any ID here so do we have any ID attribute here 

no so it is taken parent element by using ID it is create xath for this inside this there is input 

tag so you can simply say slash input we can also write direct xath for input if you want to write 

simply can specify the attribute so name equal to search is there so instead of ID you can directly 

say name equal to search and you can remove this part this is called relative xath okay this is 

actual relative xath we just use some attribute of the element inside the xath and what is the 

major difference here is absolute X paath will start from the beginning and each and every node 

it will capture till it reaches the final node and relative X paath by using the this attribute 

it will directly jump to the element and then it will find out it will not navigate from each and 

every node okay so this is an example for absolute xath this is an example for the relative xath so 

if you want to capture from the dev tools you can simply inspect that element go to the statement 

you can right click and copy and then use these two options and suppose if you want to capture 

this by using selector Hub then how we can do it there are direct options are available you can 

just right click on the element go to selector Hub here and here you can see direct options so ID you 

can copy directly name you can copy relative xath you can copy okay and then uh CSS you can copy 

absolute xath ABS xath means it's an Absol xath relative xath you can directly copy from here 

so you can get it the EXP pass directly from this uh context menu options or you can directly 

inspect this element get the selector Hub this is a selector Hub the last class I have shown you 

this is selector Hub window right so this is automatically generated if you look at here this 

is a x paath relative X paath and where is absor xath if you scroll down here you can see this is a 

absor x paath of the element okay you can directly get them from the dev tools or by using selector 

Hub or or by using context menu so everywhere options are available you can directly get those 

xals but most of the times uh but sometimes it is okay you can capture the xath directly but 

sometimes we have to write our own xths I will show you in which in which scenarios we have 

to write our own xath okay and always we cannot generate xath for every type of element but there 

are certain situations where we have to create our own xals okay let me I'll show you that options 

also but as of now this is a b absolute xath this is a relative x paath two kinds of X paath we have 

one is called absor xath another one is relative xath okay so if you look at these two types of 

xths which xath we will prefer to use any guess absolute xath Rel X there are two kinds of xath in 

our automation which xath we will prefer most of the times which xath will prefer okay so people 

are saying relative xath we will prefer to use most of the times okay so if I ask why relative 

xath is preferred when you compare these two absolute and relative X paath which type of xath 

we will prefer is relative xath we will prefer most of the times we'll prefer relative xath okay 

yeah it is just a given one example I will explain this relative xath in detail okay so we have 

to learn about more about relative xath I'll come to and explain the relative xath in detail 

but here I'm just showing types of xath stick to that so we will discuss again individually 

with more examples I will give you more examples just hold on for some time okay now why we will 

use relative expath why we will prefer relative expath okay there are multiple reasons so many 

people will say one single answer that is absolute xath is very lengthy whereas relative xath is 

very smaller okay so if I use Absol X paaths in our Automation in many places your code looks ugly 

right it's not clean but if I use short xath like this it's very simple and also code looks good 

very clean right but this is the answer most of the people will tell but the actual reason is 

sometimes Absol xath will may be smaller than relative xath suppose if the web page is very 

smaller and there are very few number of elements times your absolute xath will be smaller than 

relative xath okay but what is the actual reason behind that why we should use relative xath this 

is the most popular inter question so how many types of xths absolute and relative xath and why 

which xath we will prefer relative xath we will prefer why relative xath is preferred it is not 

because of length of the X path the main reason is suppose if you are using Absol X path let us 

say I have used absolute X path how it is going to work how exactly absolute X path Works how it 

is going to locate an element for example let's say Absol path everything is a hierarchy right 

suppose this is element in this there is another element in this another element in this another 

element this other this is the actual element we want to find out but from where the navigation 

is started from the root HTML so from here to here it should come again here here here and here 

it should find the element and here every tag is representing some element so if I look at here 

every tag is representing some element on the web page every node is representing particular 

element in the web page so if you're using if you're using absur xath the problem is suppose if 

the developer changed something let's say he put some elements like this on the web page developer 

can introduce some new element somewhere in the middle of something or developer can change the 

location of the web element suppose today logo is present here and tomorrow developer is got to 

change the logo position here and these changes keep happens in the real time in the real time 

projects on day-to-day basis and the UI changes keeps happens so when the UI changes are happens 

or developer is added some element new element okay developer is removed some element existing 

element or developer has changed the position of the element these changes definitely will impact 

the hierarchy right suppose if this particular got changed into some other position then what happens 

this observative xath connection is got connection is got Disturbed right so then what happens the 

navigation cannot reach to the El so this is the major problem for the absolute expath okay so 

why we should not prefer absolute expath because developer keep doing some changes on the web page 

they can add a new elements or they can remove existing element they can do a reposition element 

because of these changes the hierarchy will keep impacted and our xath willo will be broken then we 

cannot locate our element these chances are very very very uh H so because of those changes our 

X paath will impact that's the reason we don't prefer absolute X path okay but don't we have such 

problem in the relative x paath no why because in the relative X paath basically it will work based 

on the attribute of the element we specify some attribute so SL SL SL will directly jump to the 

element whichever is having this attribute so it will not navigate throughout the hierarchy or 

throughout all the nodes so even though element is got added some new element is got added or 

existing element is got moved the attributes will not change so this xath will always works so that 

is the reason relative xath is always referred it is not because of size of an xath it is because 

of changes on the web page the changes in the web page definitely will impact absolute xath but 

that cannot be impacted relative X paath so that is the reason we always prefer to use relative 

X paath okay so very important question so I'm going to write here which X path will be preferred 

always we will prefer relative X paath okay now what are the major differences when you 

compare absolute and relative xath what are the major differences this is also 

another most important interation during the interview so difference between 

X paath absolute and relative X paath so difference between absolute and relative 

X paath just now we understood one difference what is it one difference we noticed so absolute 

xth will navigate each and every node till it reaches the actual element but relative X 

paath will directly jump to the element based on the attribute which we provided that's the 

one difference apart from this there are some more differences are there so let me put it here 

most popular inter equation the first difference observed xath will always start with the single 

slash whereas relative xath will always start with the double slash remember this single slash 

will navigate only one level but double slash can navigate multiple levels that's the reason in 

Absol X path when I use single slash it will go to the only Next Level only one level so under 

body there's a header from body to D we cannot directly jump why because we are using single 

slashes here and double slash can directly jump to the element okay so Absol xath will start from 

single slash relative X path will start with the double slash this is a one important difference so 

single slash is always representing the root node that is HTML is a starting node on the HTML that's 

a root node absolute exper do not use attributes if I look at here in absolute xath we haven't used 

any attributes of the element we used only be tag names it can be any tag name okay in between HTML 

root node to input tag whatever the elements are there in between these two it is captured the tag 

names of all the elements and it is made a root or it is made a path that's called X paath right so 

absolute X path don't use any attributes whereas relative X paath Works based on the attribute it 

will use set an attribute without attribute we cannot create a xath but there are another ways to 

do it if I don't use attribute but attribute must be there so in relative xath we have to use some 

attribute third difference Absol X path Travers through each and every node till it finds the 

element so it will start from HTML it will go to each and every node and finally it reaches the 

input element and relative X path directly jump and find the element by using at Ute so these are 

the differences between absolute xath and relative xath so during interview if anybody ask you you 

should explain all three differences so absolute xath start with single slash relative xath will 

start with the double slash absolute xath will use attri absolute xath don't use attributes whereas 

relative xath will use attributes absolute xath will navigate throughout the Dom whereas relative 

X paath will directly jump and find the element in the do so these are the three differences okay 

so the performance wise is almost the same even it is Absol xath and relative xath performance 

wise there is no much difference okay but user perspective there is a n number of chances are 

there in Absol xath definitely will will be broken because developer keeps doing some Chang 

on the web page because of that absor XO will always impacted so that's the reason absor XO is 

not preferred relative XO is preferred it is not because of uh performance but slight difference 

is there but that is negligible per that is a negligible as a user we cannot see that much of 

difference when I use OBS relative X paath okay yes attributes in the sense we already know what 

what is attribute means we already discussed what is an attribute what are the attributes every 

element is having certain attributes right see for example if I look at this input box so what 

are the attributes of the element type is one attribute name is an attribute placeholder 

is value class is an attribute these are all attributes so xath can use any of these attributes 

okay xath can use any of the attribute so that's called attribute so absolute X path use attribute 

but sorry relative xath we use an attribute but absolute X paath we don't use any attributes we 

use only tags of the elements okay so these are the differences between absolute X path and then 

relative X path now absolute X path is very very simple because just it is a hierarchy right and it 

can be generated as I said we can just right click here copy and copy full xot this is the option 

which is available or else you can directly use selector Hub and copy Absol xath you can use this 

option or you can directly go to selector Hub tool and you can get it from the selector Hub here 

you can see Absol xath so you can get it from here and if you press enter it will check whether 

this xath is able to locating element or not so these are the multiple ways we can capture the 

X path but Absol xath is straightforward means what it will directly navigating from the root 

node it will generate the xath so now you guys can tell me I will write something here you guys 

can tell me the absolute xath how we can write absolute X paath okay let's say I have some node 

called a and uh then B and then C so inside this a again I have a sub noes A1 A2 A3 inside the 

A3 I have a31 a32 a33 and inside the C also I have a C1 let's say these are all different nodes 

okay C3 in the C2 I have again C uh c21 in the c21 I have a C 21 1 okay let's say this is my HTML 

hierarchy or Dom hierarchy now I want to locate this particular element now tell me how to write 

absolute X path first we will start from the root a slash inside they have a three nodes A1 A2 A3 

so which node we have to go here A3 so a/ A3 SL inside the A3 again I have a three nodes a31 a32 

a33 which element you want to find third element so a 33 so this is our X path okay similarly 

I want to find c21 1 this is the element I want to find then how to write X path starting 

node is what a BC this is all comes under this is starting node a BC a BC and again let's say 

this is there is a root node inside this uh we have a b and c okay now let me tell you root is 

a node from the root we have to to go to the C inside the C we have a three node C1 C2 C3 which 

where we have to go C2 C2 slash inside the C2 we have a c21 c21 slash inside this we have a c21 

again c21 one so this is how we can write a ab x path from the Dom but it is very challenging 

if you have a hug or very complex web pages okay because you sometimes you may have 10 elements 

in between you may have 20 30 50 elements if the page complexity is increased obviously the 

ABS X path complexi also will be increased so it is not recommended most of the times first 

of all but if you still want to write an exact absolute expert you can simply write like this 

by using hierarchy we can by based on the Dom we can clearly write our own exports okay this 

is simple so we don't need to discuss more about absolute X paath because relative xath is most 

important than absolute X paath so now you got some idea about the X path right what is an 

Absol X paath basically absur X paath is the complete path we have to write by specifying the 

each and every node means each and every tag of the element till we reaches the uh expected 

element that is an absolute X path so it is not big thing uh we can simply write a absolute 

X path now let us discuss more about relative X PA because that's the most important so let us 

discuss about relative X paath and which is also called as a partial X paath so the relative X 

paath we can generate automatically and we can also create manually so two different ways we can 

create a relative export first approach we can do automatically okay automatically we can create 

second option is we can create manually so can do we can create relative xath manual or we can 

say our own xath our own xath we can generate okay so automatically means we can use either Dev tools 

option okay Dev tools option or by using selector Hub selector Hub we can automatically generate by 

D tool selector we can automatically generate so example let's go here and suppose if you want to 

create an xath for this logo element you can just right click and inspect and go to the script here 

right click copy here you can find copy full xath copy xath so these two options are available 

from the dev tools and from the selector Hub if you want to use again just right click on the 

element directly go to selector Hub and here you can get these options copy relative x paath copy 

absolute xath you can see these two options okay I'm just copying relative X paath for that logo 

element and it seems like this see it is used some attribute of the element okay and absolute xath 

if you want to capture absolute X path you can just right click and select our Hub and you can 

say uh here this is copy ABS X path so this will give you Absol X paath okay so you can directly 

capture the xath automatically and if you want to use selector Hub what you can simply do it and 

inspect and open the selector Hub tool so here go to selector Hub and in the selector Hub this 

is our selector Hub so here you can directly get the element so inspect this element as soon 

as we inspected here you can see this is a x paath relative X path and this is a if I scroll 

down you can see the absolute xath this is the absolute xath and if you want to verify that xath 

is correctly working or not you can just double click here it will copy and press enter and this 

will find one element is matching same thing for absolute xath if I go to Absolute X path this 

is Absol X path of the element press enter and it is finding the one element so it is very easy 

to generate xpaths it can be absolute or relative xath we can easily generate by using Dev tools and 

the selector okay but how we can generate manually manually I want to generate my own XO so then we 

have to follow a syntax so if you know the syntax you can easily generate our own xox okay so let 

me tell you what is a syntax how to generate our own xath I'll give you multiple examples and 

syntax is first thing you need to start with the SL slash and you can put the tag name here 

tag name of the element in the bracket specify the attribute and value of the element and we 

need to start with at theate symbol at theate here attribute name equal to attribute value you 

have to specify in single or double quotations so this is a syntax and other is suppose if you don't 

want to specify the tag name or if you don't know the tag name you can also put simply star star 

representing a regular expression so this is a syntax so tag name is Tag name is not optional 

you should specify the tag name or at least you should specify the star if you don't know the 

tag name okay and attribute we can specify by using at theate symbol here we use at theate 

at theate attribute name equal to value of the attribute and here also at theate attribute equal 

to value of the attribute so this is a syntax so if you know the syntax you can write XB for any 

element now let me show you how we can write it just a moment okay now let us see how to write a relative 

xath for few elements let's go and check any element so in this particular page I want to write 

relative xath uh for some element let us say you can take any element let's say I I will take this 

desktop image element okay so inspect this element and if you're inspecting this element so this 

is the HTML of this T this image right so how to write relative xath for this image what is 

the tag name here IMG is a tag name so say IMG SL slash start with a SL slash IMG in the bracket 

and what are the attributes are available for this SRC is available but most of the times we don't 

use SRC because this is representing the target URL alt property title and class okay and let me 

take the title title equal to Macbook so let me capture this this entire thing go back and here 

at theate that's it title whatever the attribute is available you can specify equal to the value 

of the attribute so this is the relative exp part very simple and you can try this directly whether 

it's working or not how we can verify you can go to the selector Hub and you can just paste it 

over here then press enter now we can see this x paath is exactly matching with one element okay 

so we can simply write our relative xath if you know the syntax of the element so what is the 

syntax SL SL even if you put the star also this will work suppose if you don't know the tag name 

you can simply put star so this will also find the one element so in the relative xath mainly it 

will works based on the attribute you must specify the attribute of the element along with the tag 

so if you know the syntax you can easily write our own X paaths for the element and again there 

are different types of relative expath different ways we can write there are multiple things like 

we can specify multiple attributes we can use some built-in methods in this we can use different 

operators and R operators and chain EX parts there are multiple flavors of relative expath 

are available so we will discuss them one by one so for everybody is clear got some idea about 

the xath what is an xath what are the types of xath how we can create an xath so here you can put 

single or double codes so if you put double codes what you need to do is you need to use something 

called regular expression like this why because in Java we have to keep this entire xath in double 

quotations so double quotations inside the double quotations are not allowed so we should specify 

the regular expression by using slash and instead of that you can simply put single quotations okay 

put single quotation that is also fine right so this is how we can create relative xath based 

on the syntax right so now we'll see different types of xpaths in relative xath only we have a 

different flavors we will see all of them one by one by using example so now let's go to Eclipse 

directly and then create new package dat 24 inside this I'm creating a new class name 

it as a xath demo taking main method and set finish okay so now I'm going to show you 

how we can use an xath in our automation with some examples first of all I want 

to launch my browser so for that I can say web driver driver equal to new Chrome 

driver I'm taking all right so import Chrome driver or you can say control shift o so that 

will import required packages and then we will launch our application I can say driver dot 

get and here I will specify this open cut demo application this is the URL and how to maximize 

the page what's the command driver dot manage dot window dot driver. manage do window. maximize 

okay this will maximize the page now so let us try to use xath the first example x paath 

with single here I'm showing you all of them are relative xath okay xath with single attribute 

xath with the single attribute how we can write suppose this is the input box I want to locate 

this is input box I want to locate just inspect this element and there are multiple attributes 

are there so I want to create an xath for this element if I go back to the selector Hub you can 

write your own xath or else you can capture this xath and if you look at this this is a single 

attribute which we have used so how we can use xath driver dot find element by dot xath so 

here we have to call X paath method X paath and specify the X paath like this and if you 

put double quotations what is the problem in this is you will see some error kind of thing so 

why we are getting this error because the double quotations we already used but inside this again 

another double quotations we are using this is the problem so you can put the single quote 

inside this okay now this is the next path of the element and once you locate an element 

then I can pass some value in it let's say I'm passing uh you can pass any anything 

so I can pass t-shirts like this okay this is having single attribute so 

the relative xath is having single attribute this is an example for single 

attribute we can also specify multiple attributes but this we have used only one 

single attribute so let's execute and see okay it is started execution yes now we can see there 

is a value which is got as sent here input box is recognized fine so this 

is one single x paath x paath with a single attribute but sometimes we can 

also specify multiple attributes if you want to specify multiple attribute 

you can specify so X path with multiple attributes suppose if you want to specify 

xath with multiple attributes how we can specify so this is for single attribute no no it is executing very fast 

actually I'm using two monitors so that's the reason my browser is opening in my 

main monitor so I'm just dragging into secondary monitor so that's the reason 

still it is showing like that otherwise it will maximize it okay so let me 

run this one more time it is going very faster so as soon as you executed my 

browser is open now you can see yeah it is maximized right so now how we can specify 

multiple attributes in the xar so to specify the multiple attributes in the X path uh you can 

see like this okay I will also copy this uh single attribute X path with single attribute this is 

an example so now xath with multiple attributes so if you want to create an xath with multiple 

attributes we can still create so if you want to do it you can say open cut application and 

then so for the same element I want to specify two attributes then what you can do is go here 

and go to selector Hub and here you can write your own X paath so this is the element I want 

to write our own xath by specifying multiple attributes SL slash input is a tag name and the 

first attribute I'm using uh name name equal to search okay and second attribute if you want to 

specify use one more bracket okay and here you can specify at the rate one more bracket at the 

rate and you can use any other attribute for this element so I have something called placeholder 

so that I can use at theate Place holder equal to and the values are case sensitive exactly you 

have to provide so you can see the value of the name is such s is a lowercase character and the 

value of the placeholder is also search but the value is started with the uppercase character so 

when you press enter this is able to locate an element okay so this is a x path of the element by specifying multiple 

attributes we can write our own xal so so which one you have not understood 

Vera can you tell me I can repeat so x paath with a single attribute xath with the multiple 

attributes if you want to specify multiple attributes you can specify in another bracket so 

this is one attribute this is another attribute okay if you put multiple attributes it will 

be more stronger so like this also we can use x paath by specifying multiple attributes 

so how we can write it now Drive dot find element by do X paath and here I can specify 

the X and the dot send Keys here I'm passing the value so this is how we can use x path 

with multiple attributes you can specify n number of attributes whatever is available 

for the T okay so this is one more example so instead bracket bracket we can use 

and that is a different case I'll come to that they are operators end or they 

are operators so if you want to specify multiple attributes you can specify like this 

so this is one attribute and this is another attribute for the same element okay so this is 

another flavor let's execute now run as Java application see my web page is maximized and 

then you can see the values got entered okay so xath with the single attribute xath with 

the multiple attributes now in the xath we can also use operators we have something 

called end or operators X path with and R operators so if one value is correct if one 

value is wrong it cannot locate the element both attributes should be correct okay if you 

specify multiple attributes even one attribute is not correct this cannot be located the element 

it will throw exception so whatever attributes are specify here all the attributes should be true 

all the attributes should be correct then only it will able to locate the element okay all right 

so now X path with end R operator there are two operators we can use in X path end operator 

R operator most important listen carefully end R operator again in the end R operator we can 

specify multiple attributes okay for example look at the same input box so this is one attribute 

right at theate name equal to search here I'm using something called end operator end end 

at the rate placeholder equal to search okay just observe so this is the EXP I have return 

and this will able to locate one element let's try to understand this in this x paath i specified 

multiple attributes single bracket but I specified something called end operator here so at theate 

name equal to search and at theate placeholder is also suchar so how exactly this end operator 

works when I use this x paath when it will able to locate the element if both the attributes are 

correct then only this xath will able to locate the element it is almost similar to this one okay 

but here we use additional end operator so how exactly end means end means first one and second 

one both attributes should be correct then this locator will identify the element okay suppose 

if I'm using R operator instead of end I say R then then at least one attribute should be matched 

suppose this first attribute is correct but second one is not matching will it identify element 

or not yes still able to identify similarly the first attribute is not correct but the second 

one is correct correct in that case also it will able to locate the element so end operator means 

both attributes should be true then only it will able to locate an element in the r operator at 

least one attribute should be true at least one attribute should be true then only it will able 

to locate the element if one of the attribute is false all both uh if both attributes are false 

or both attributes are not matching with any element then finally it cannot locate a element 

now if I look at here I'm using end operator so one element is matching so for example uh I'm 

giving some incorrect value see Zero element so even though the first attribute value is 

correct the second one is wrong that's the reason end operator cannot locate any element 

zero elements okay suppose instead of end I'm using r r now able to locate element why because 

at least one attribute should be matched then our operator will able to locate a element end means 

what both attributes should be matched then only the xath will able to locate the element okay so 

you can put multiple multiple attributes not only two attributes you can put multiple attributes 3 

4 five also you can put right this is about end R operator end means what both both should be 

true then only it will able to locate element or means at least one should be true then only 

it will locate operator when it cannot locate if both attributes are not correct then it cannot 

locate the element okay so let's try to use in our automation so that is up to you if you want 

to use multiple oper multiple attributes you can use that will make your xath very stronger okay 

so suppose uh if I use this one end operator that means you are expecting both attributes must 

be there you're expecting both attributes must be there in that case you can use end suppose at 

least one uh at least one attribute is matching then you can find that element if you want to 

find element at least with one attribute you can specify both attributes and even one is okay or 

one is match then it can find that element in that particular scenario we can use and or so multiple 

attributes make your xath more stronger instead of depending on one attribute you can also specify 

multiple attributes that will make your xath very stronger okay so if your element is having one 

single attribute right there is no question of using second uh multiple attributes so you have to 

use only one single attribute especially suppose you have an Anor tag which is having only one 

attribute called HF attribute right so other other than this there is no other choice so in 

that case you can specify only one attribute that is again based upon the availability okay 

if the attribute is having multiple attributes if the element is having multiple attributes 

provided in the Dom you can use it in xar if not provided one single attribute is available 

then you can use it okay that's still F even though attribute is not available still you 

can write an X path I will come to that part suppose I don't have any attributes for the 

element still can we write an X path yes we can still write an xath for the element even 

though the attributes are not available I will come to that how we can write okay so xath axis 

no here I'm not discussing any xath axis so don't discuss that okay we will discuss xath axis 

which is very Advanced concept we will cover in the next session so this I'm just talking 

about some basic type of xath today I'm not going to deeper aspects okay just stick to that 

right so end or op operators let's go back and let us see how we can use them so the next One X 

path with end operator X path with end operator yeah so we can write driver. findind element by. 

xath in the double quotations we can specify this XPath right so here end operator we have 

to use and Dot send keys of we can pass the value okay so this is how uh we can use 

multiple attributes with end operator okay execute okay now maximized now you can see the 

values got entered same thing we can try with r operator so if I just look at here R 

operator so instead of end I'm saying r r means at least one should be true even secondary is 

not correct still it will work fine so what I will do is I make placeholder is some XY Z it 

is incorrect but still it will able to locate l okay now we can see the values got entered so 

this is a r operator x paath with end R operators okay got the difference everyone so difference 

between end or end means both attributes should be true should be matched then only it will able 

to locate element R means at least one attribute should be true then only it will able to locate 

the element that is a major difference between and R yes if the developer keeps changing the 

attributes and all we will try to handle them in different way that is a different concept again 

so how we can handle the elements those attributes are dynamically changing that's a different 

concept I will come to that part so these are X paaths which we have currently using is for 

static attrib rutes if the attributes are not changing they are constant then you can go with 

this attributes but initial stages the developer do more more number of changes but once your 

build is stable right once you get two three four five builds in every cycle you'll get a new 

builds slowly the stability come into picture so once the build is stable then your xath and 

attributes everything will become stable so you don't need to change every time but in 

initial stages the attributes are El keeps changing in those cases static stuff will not work 

properly okay how to handle the dynamic elements I will come to that part that's the next topic 

okay this is xath for and or I will cover each and everything guys you don't need to ask before 

itself first let us listen first okay once you listen everything once I finish the session then 

if you have something to discuss you can ask the question and don't go beyond this topic so if 

you already know something keep fight sometime okay don't ask ask anything if you already know 

something and you can ask the question at the end of the session because otherwise unnecessarily 

other people will be confused I'll go step by step each and everything I will cover okay now and 

R operator we discussed with multiple attributes so there is another flavor suppose sometimes we 

can also write an xath with inner text what is an inner text suppose uh if you locate any element 

inner text inner text will be there for few types of elements so for example let us say let's 

take any link suppose here desktops is there so let me inspect this element okay so basically 

what is what this desktop is it is a link right anchor tag which is having HF attribute and 

class attribute some attributes are there you can use this attribute in the xath but I don't 

want to use any attributes of the X paath any attributes of the elements still I want to write 

an xath for this link how we can write it so we need to capture the inner text so this is called 

inner text this is called as a inner text so by using this inner text we can find the element we 

can find the element by using inner text okay so let me show you how we can find this inner text 

capture this inner text and we can write X paath like this x paath with inner text so inner text 

means what here we have to use something called a method x paath with text method there is a method 

is there which is called text so I will write the syntax a little bit change when I use methods 

SL slash tag name okay what is the tag name of the desktop element anchor tag right so a in 

this I'm not going to provide any attribute I'm not going to provide any attribute simply what 

you can do is I can use one method called text equal to what is the value of the text here is 

MacBook this is the inner text desktop whatever you want you can find out desktops I'm taking so 

you can put desktop so this is also next PATH so have we used any attribute in this x path no 

we haven't used any attribute of the element and whatever we have used here this is what inner 

text okay the text is a method if the text value of the a is equal to desktops then it will go 

and match with that element then it will find that element okay similarly if I want to locate 

this MacBook inspect this MacBook link and this is also inner text and tag name is a so without 

using attribute also we can sometimes we can write an X path so here we can say text bracket 

equal to you can specify the value like this so this is also X paath so by using text method we 

can find the element and when this is Possible only if you have a inner text then only it is 

possible but if you look at the input box here do we have any inner text for this input box do 

we have any inner text for this input box yes or no yes most of the times link text is almost 

link text is also we considered as inner text but sometimes inner text doesn't have a link 

I will show you that okay so for example if I look at here input box do we have inner text 

for this input box do we have an inner text for this input box no we do not have a inner text 

for that so we cannot use text method for this element okay suppose I'm uh I'm locating this one 

featured feature text do we have inner text for this H3 tag name do we have attribute or do we 

have inner text for this element yes do we have attributes for this element attributes no okay 

so this is this a link is this a link featured is this a link no this is not a link this is not 

having any any attribute it is just a simple and inner text okay so here MacBook is inner text or 

not yes this is also link this is also link text and also part also inner text but in this in this 

case featured this is not a link text this is not a link text but it is a inner text you got my 

point it is an inner text so you understood the difference between this one inner text and Link 

text the link L text can be in inner text but all inner text cannot be a links that's the point 

I want to convey okay now let me write something like h a anchor tag a HF equal to okay some 

htdp is something XY z.com something is there okay and here I'm say click me and closing Anor 

now tell me is this a link text or not click me is a link text or not click me is a link text or 

not yes it's a link text yes and is it inner text or not is it an inner text or not yes it is also 

inner text so this is the inner text and also it is a link text suppose if I write like this div 

I'm writing a div no attributes welome come and again D tag is got closed now in this is it a link 

text or not is it a link text no do we have inet text here yes you understood now what is the 

difference between inner text and Link text so the link text can be an inner text but all inner 

text may not be a link text until unless you have this HF attribute you cannot say that is a link 

okay so if you have this kind of inner text and if you do not have any attributes so by using 

inner text we can still locate an element it is still locate an element without depending on 

any attributes still we can locate an element by using inner text how it is possible by writing 

a text method okay so let me show you so here x path with text method so how we can write driver. 

find element by. xath in the double quotations we have to specify SL slash if you specify the T 

tag name you can specify or you can put star no problem and in the bracket text method equal 

to the value of the text is what I say MacBook okay so this will able to find the MacBook 

element then I will perform the click action on this click action on this MacBook I want to 

perform the click action like this because that is a link type of element we can perform 

the click action okay let's execute now and first of all let us check this is 

working in the Dow tools go back to the page okay now go to selector Hub so I'm just pasting the xath here 

press enter yes now it is matching with one element so xath with text method 

so now we can directly use it here then run yes now it is successfully clicked so 

it is going to the next page right so x paath with text method so here we consider 

inner text we consider the inner text we are not using any attributes in this we 

are not using any attributes so by using inner text we can still find the element 

in the xar okay let me show you one more in the same page I want to capture this text 

featured okay I want to print that in my console window that is not error actually that's 

application related error so when I click on the MacBook it is if you do manually it is working 

fine but when you try to automate because we are doing through automation right it is asking 

for some kind of authentication so that's a problem with the application not our code okay 

now this link is fine but what about this one featured featured this is just a normal 

label it is not a link right so how to capture this inspect and uh inner text right 

this is inner text featured is inner text so let us try to capture it so can we do any 

operation on that label can we do any type of action on this if it is a link we can 

click on it but it is not a link nothing it is just a label so what we can do we 

can capture this value text value we can capture and we can print in the console 

window right so let's write an xath for this okay sl/ H3 is a tag in 

the bracket I say text equal to featured that's it now now one element is 

matching now we can use this yeah we can check display status we can also capture the 

text value so you can say this is the X paath now let me write driver. find element by. xath 

in the double quotes we put this okay now if you want to just verify this display status 

you can write is dis displayed is displayed so this will return return true or false so 

display status and what is the type of this variable is Boolean type of variable and 

then you can print display status true or false okay suppose if you want to capture the 

text value of this element so then what you can do dot there is a method called get text do 

get text so that will capture the text value of the element that I can store in a string 

variable okay or string value that I can print right so I can check the text value uh that 

label is displayed or not if it is displayed I can also capture the text value of the element yes you 

can compare this value with your expected value by just writing one if condition you can check 

this value is correct or not okay let me run it okay now we can see we got output as a true and 

also featured so this is how we can capture this sh selector is not related to selenium okay this 

is related to some other tools it is no so the selector have is not only for selenium selectors 

okay it is also supported some other tools like test Trier play right Cypress locators so all 

types of tools are supported as of multiple tools are supported so this sh selector is not 

related to uh cenum selector okay right so now we have understood how we can use text method along 

with the X path everybody's clear so far in this x paath with text method how we can use and when we 

have to use if you have inner text of the element then you can use it and if without using any 

attributes we can still write an X path by using text all right so there is another method just 

like a text we have another method called contains contains x paath with contains method contains okay so let us see how we can use this 

uh contains method very simple let's say I want to locate this input box called search inspect 

this element and there are some attributes are available for this element so name placeholder 

and so many things right so what I can do is I can write an expo for this like this SL slash 

input here I'm not going to specify any attribute I'm not going to specify any attribute but what 

I can do is I can say one method called contains method is available contains here we have to 

pass two parameters contain method will expect two parameters so first parameter is which 

attribute I'm using placeholder and comma the second parameter is the value of the placeholder 

so what is exact value of the placeholder is search search is an exact value but here I will 

just specify only s e a c that's it and then close this single quotation so this will able to 

locate the element so zero element as of now why it is zero element input this tag name is not 

correct yeah one element so if I look at this how exactly we have written this what is contains 

method will do see when I use contains method specify the name of the attribute and specify 

the value of the attribute so when I use contains method I no need to provide the complete value 

of the attribute I can just specify some partial value of the attribute so in the strings also 

we have a contains method right yes exactly it is a substring in the strings we discussed about 

contains method what this will do it will return return the subsection or substring of the main 

string similarly the contain method will verify this wherever the placeholder attribute is having 

this particular string that will go and match with that element so contains me we can verify the 

partial value of the attribute we can verify the partial value of the attribute so whichever 

attribute we specify here that attribute contains this one and that will go and match with the 

element so this is all about contains method you can use any attribute here but you can 

you don't need to specify the complete value you can just specify some partial value that's 

called contains method okay let's go and use it here contains X path with contains method so driver dot find element by. xath dot this is 

uh input box so I'm using send keys right so if I look at here input is a 

tag contains is a method placeholder is an attribute and this is a value of the attribute 

is not complete value some partial value I'm provided so this will able to locate element 

so this is the contains method contains means it will verify the partial text value of the 

element so it is able to locate it same way we have another method called start with X paath it 

is almost similar to cont but slight difference is there x paath with start with function 

start with start with so in this also we can write same thing so instead of contains I 

can say start with and again placeholder and the attribute value starting with sea right 

so you can keep that no problem so instead of contains I can also use start with it is 

another function or another method available in xath okay now it is got enter the value let 

me run one more time there is some exception yeah okay so this time we got some exception so we'll see first of all this particular 

X paath is correct or not let's copy this okay see there is a syntax error so red 

color Mark is representing a syntax error it is clearly saying selector Hub also can cross 

check whether it's valid syntax or not so it is saying invalid syntax now let us check why it is 

invalid syntax SL slash input it is I think it is a start starts plural okay it is not start it is 

starts starts with placeholder c yeah now it is matching so instead of start you can say starts okay so now it is able to locate element so this 

is how we can use start now what is the difference between contains and start with can anyone guess 

what is the difference between contains and start withd difference between contains and start with 

so in contain method this value which we provided can be anywhere in the string okay actual string 

is what see in both the cases what is an actual string search right this is an actual string 

that's what expected string so in the contain method we just say only s EA that is a part of 

the main string so it is matching with this but in start with also the search is start with sea so 

this is also matching so the major difference is cont method will check the string anywhere it can 

be beginning or it can be middle or it can be end wherever it is comes it still matches but start 

with method will not match like that okay start with method will we have to this particular 

string has to be beginning of the string so then only it will able to match okay that is 

a major difference between contains and start and one more important thing so this contains and 

start with functions we can use whenever you want to locate Dynamic web elements whenever you want 

to locate Dynamic web elements you can use start with and contains functions so let me tell you 

suppose your attributes are keep changing the values of attributes are keep changing then how 

we can locate those Elements by using exp and most important entry questions how we were able 

to handle the dynamic elements using XA so here we use something called contains or start with 

functions so let me show you an example how we can handle the dynamic elements using start withd 

and contains finding very very important scenario handling Dynamic attributes Dynamic attributes 

in the sense what the attribute values are keeps changing at the run time so suppose if you are 

using some ID in the xath same ID will not be there in the runtime so then xath will definitely 

won't work so in that case how we can handle this so let me explain this with some examples so 

you guys can also tell me the answers for that let me take let us assume I have some button on 

my application my button name is called start I have a start button okay so when you click on 

on this button immediately it is turn into stop so most of the times you can notice this kind 

of behavior for stop watches when you click on start the stopwatch will start and rotating 

whenever you click on the stop it will stop the same button is acting as a start and stop 

so once you click on it once you click on it it will turn into stop same button there are no 

multiple buttons there is single button and it is changing start to stop again stop to start 

okay when the button is in start State let us say the ID value of the button is start okay 

when button is turned into stop then ID value becomes a stop this is my scenario so when the 

button is in start stage the ID value start when button is in stop state ID value changing stop 

so now I want to write one single X path and through that X path I'm able to locate element 

in whichever state it is having EI either it can be start or it can be stop in both the states 

I want to locate the element by rating a xath then how can we write xath for this there are 

multiple ways are there now just tell me one by one Give Me One X path start and stop same 

button turn into start and stop again start and stop ID is start and stop stop so 

sometimes ID is a stop sometimes ID is a stop then I want to write one single 

X path through which I should able to locate element for example if I write 

an xath like this whether it's correct or not you tell me SL slash I don't know tag 

name I can say star here I'm using something called uh at the rate ID equal to start so 

this is the exper I have written so will it work first of all is this x paath correct the 

way of writing syntax the syntax the way of writing xath is correct yes xath is correct 

but it can locate element only one time that means if the button is in start State then only 

it can identify but once it is turning to stop it cannot identify right it cannot identify same 

thing if you put stop here then it can identify only if the button is in stop state but once 

it is into start State this xath cannot work so by specifying the ID directly we cannot locate 

these elements only in one state we can locate but another state the xath will will not work so we 

need to write an xath let us use R operator and see there are multiple ways one approach is our 

operator let's see SL SL star at theate ID equal to start or at theate ID equal to stop can we 

write like this will it able to handle in both the situations yes why because we use R operator 

can we use end operator here end no end means both the property should be true but at the 

time ID cannot be start and stop right so we should use only R so in case of start the first 

attribute will match in case of stop the second attribute will match at least one should match so 

this x paath will able to handle this kind of a situation this is one approach this is correct 

now another approach by using contains also we can do it by using contains also we can do it how 

we can do it contains contains specify the atate ID attribute and we need to identify one common 

thing in both IDs what is a commonly there in both IDs what is a common value which we have in 

both IDs first two characters are common right St is common so that you can specify here s okay so 

then this exper also can identify element in both the states because in even if ID is start still it 

is working ID is stop also it is working perfectly fine now another way by using start with function 

you can say start starts with at theate starts with at theate ID here I can say again STD so 

will it work yes so these are the three different because every ID is starting with st only right 

so this also works so we can also handle the Dy attributes by using cond and start with functions 

in multiple ways we can handle so these X paath we cannot generate we have to write manually 

okay these type of xath we have to create our own okay so very very important so contains 

a text yeah that is also same contains a text contains that also you can write so another 

way you can do like this SL slash star okay and you can say in the bracket contains in the 

contains the two parameters it will take and the text parameter comma here you can put s 

so contains text text is nothing but what the text should contains a SD so text method will 

capture the text value of the element and that contains St so this we cannot use for this 

element way because this will work only for inner text okay the text method will work only 

for inner text and links for buttons we don't see any inner text most of the times okay so 

that's the reason if there is inner text then it will fine or else it will not work so these 

three are appropriate to handle this scenario now I will give you some more examples you 

get can tell me when to use contains when to use start with you guys can tell me suppose 

I have a name attribute for the element the name attribute is keeps changing so initially 

the name attribute is what XY Z 0 01 XY Z 0 01 that is initial stage and after that the same 

name attribute is got change like this XY Z 02 XY J 03 XY J 04 or again XY Z 0 01 and XY Z 0 

02 like this it keeps changing 1 2 3 4 again 1 2 again 2 one like that dynamically changing then 

how can you write an xath for this so tell me one exp yes contains and start with functions 

works if there is something commonly there but definitely there is some common thing 

will be there whenever you kind some Dynamic kind of a behavior yeah I'll show you more 

example now tell me if the name is changing like this how can we handle this attribute 

by writing an X can we use contains here contains contains at theate name 

contains at theate name what is the commonly there in all the names XY 

Z is a common so that you can specify XY Z is a common so this xath is 

valid can we use start with start with starts with at theate name comma X wet 

so we can use start with only right because all the names are start with XY Z perfectly 

fine so change we can use start with also we can use both are valid in this context okay 

now 0 0 is also common right so can we write like this 0 0 also common in all the scenarios 

contains a name 0 0 can we write like this yes that is also valid but in start with we cannot 

write 0 0 why because 0 0 is something in the middle of the string so it should have only 

XY Z fine so now another scenario now let's say my name attribute is like this name value is 

initially it is 0 0 1 XY Z 0 02 XY Z 0 03 XY Z 0 04 XY Z again 0 0 1 XY Z okay how to write 

an X path can we use contains here contains contains yes contains at theate name 

equal at theate name sorry contains is a method Open Bracket atate name 

is what can put XY Z because XY Z can be anywhere in the string so we can put no 

problem can we use starts with starts with no why because the starting values keeps 

changing right 0 0 is a common you can you start with with 0 0 that is fine starts 

with name 0 0 because every name is starting with 0 0 you can still use but 0 0 1 0 02 

you cannot specify because the values are keeps changing okay so contain method you 

cannot use start with method you cannot use you can use with one zer suppose if 

0 0 not available let's say 0 0 is not there now can we use start with can we 

use start with no start with we cannot use okay then I'll show you one 

more scenario in this case start with we cannot use only contains uh will work now let me take another example 

name equal to 101 XY J 201 1 XY J 31 XY J 41 XY Z yeah now tell 

me can we use contains here contains contains we can use because XY Z is a Comm can we use start with 

start with we cannot use only contains SL slash star contains and here at theate name 

simply you can say XY Z okay so now you understood what is the difference between 

start with and contains method so these are the two methods through which we can 

identify the elements their attributes are dynamically changing okay now let me use 

it in your example we already used okay fine so now let us see uh another type of 

X path called chainex path chainex path yeah 01 also use the contains method 01 is 

common right yes contains name is 01 01 is common all are valid so now another type of X path 

is called chained X path so what is the chain X path and when we need to go with the chain X path 

sometimes uh if you're not finding any attributes of the element and even you you are not having 

any inner text okay you don't have any inner text and you don't have any attributes for the 

element in that case how we can write an xath for the element okay for example let's say here 

I'm taking this logo element if I inspect this element you can find IMG tag and there are some 

attributes okay so let us assume you don't have any attributes for this IMG you assume you do not 

have any attributes for this element then how we can locate element you don't have any attributes 

you don't have any inner text so then how we can locate this element so if you don't find any 

attributes for the element you need to just go to the parent element okay what is the parent of 

this IMG what is the parent of this IMG tag what's the parent y a is an Ang and let us assume a is 

also not having any attributes then what we should do again we need to go to another parent what is 

the parent of EA div div so the div is having some attribute right so we will start writing xath from 

div tag div ID equal to logo can we write xath for this yes so how to write SL slash D atate ID equal 

to what is an ID value here is logo so I can say logo this is an xath for the D tag but this xath 

is not direct xath for the image but my target is what image I want to look at but image doesn't 

have any attributes then I went to parent even parent also not having any then again I go to 

another parent so I started from here so I have written xath for this logo then what is the child 

item for this div tag a is a child item and for a IMG is a child item so we can say slash a/ IMG 

now in this xath what is the target element Target element is what image IMG is a target element but 

did we write an direct X path for IMG direct xath for IMG no we have written xath for the parent 

from there we have navigator to child from there again navigated to the another child if I look 

at this it seems like the combination of relative and absolute xath right so till here this is a 

relative X paath from here it is a absolute X path why because we are saying slash slash so 

the combination is called chained X paath this is a combination of relative and absolute X path 

which is called chained X path chained means what if you do not find any attributes of the element 

then we will check the parent element is having some attribute so from the parent we will try to 

locate the child element so it is just like this let's say I have some element here this having 

another element this having another element now I want to locate this element no attributes then 

I will go to parent let's say this is a b c and d go to parent elements if the parent elements 

having attribute then you can directly write xath for this and slash you can specify the tag name 

of the CH element even this is also not having having any attribute then go to another parent so 

here you can find some attribute ID equal to some XY Z then you can write xath for this B like this 

slash at the right ID equal to some XY Z and from there you need to navigate two levels slash c/ 

D like this you can write this is called chain expath this is called chain xal sometimes if you 

could not find any attributes of the elements you can try writing the path for the parent element 

from the parent element you can navigate to The Chain elements this is called chained X paath 

okay so now can we use this element use this x paath yes let me check it in the selector 

Hub go to selector Hub and here I'm keeping this yes one element is matching so this is 

a EXA element so I can say this is chain X path so driver dot find element 

by. XPath and what we can do on this image what kind of actions we can do on the image display status we can verify right so dot is 

displayed so we can take a Boolean variable image status so driver. find element TT path is displayed so why is giving an error this will return a Boolean value I think this variable 

have used anywhere somewhere okay yeah so now let us print status so this 

will verify the status of the image element so chain expath means if the attributes are 

not available for the particular element we can write we can take the attributes 

of the parent element and write an X path from there we can navigate to the 

CH element so that is all about chain X path okay so everything is clear so far so 

these are the basic understanding what is an X path okay and how many types of X path which 

X path will be preferred and x paath with single attribute and multiple attributes x paath with 

end or operators x paath with text function xath with contains function xath uh chain X paath 

okay and how to handle the dynamic elements using start with and contains function there are 

n number of functions are there but more widely we use start with and contains functions okay 

so apart from this there are some more options are there we can say expath access like 

following preceding parent child sibling preceding sibling following sibling there are 

multiple options we can use along with the xath so in the next class we will discuss about the 

xath so what is a main difference between xath and CSS okay so before that let me answer this 

question what is the difference between contains and can you write your complete question 

I could not understand this so difference between yeah can you write the statement okay so contains 

a text so this is a different actually so this this will work only for inner text okay if 

suppose inner text we are checking suppose inner text contains something or not if you 

want to check you can write text and here you not specify anything nothing right so text 

contains nothing this will go and match so contains a text nothing so you can write another 

way okay it is not matching with these things okay these scenarios are different but this works 

only if you have this is right syntactically this is correct actually this syntactically it 

is correct so when this will match if you have any inner text okay suppose I have something like 

this anchor tag or suppose I have some D tag like this slash div do we have inner text in this 

inner text no okay if you write an xath like this contains SL slash do contains so here text 

is what empty there is no inner text so here I'm not putting anything just simple put single braces 

empty single braces right so now this will match exactly with with this this element this du tag 

because there is no inner text here okay so text value is empty text is representing what empty 

no no value so this will exactly match with this okay so another one is this one SL slash contains dot so dot is 

also representing a text so this is another way of representing the text 

instead of text method you can simply use dot also so dot operator also you can 

use instead of text so both are same both are same okay these both are same instead of 

text method instead of text you can put dot also so okay the question is we usually use an 

attribute that is not repeative how come we have a list of values this is I'm just taking for 

an example see I'm not saying one attribute is having multiple values no what I'm saying if the 

name attribut is keeps changing okay initially this is a attribute value name values one1 XY and 

after some time on the same name attribute is got changed 20 01 XY again same name attribut 

is got change something else so sometimes if you refresh the pages the attributes are keep 

changing so that's where the web pages normally designed most of the times very if you look at 

the complex web pages the attribute values will not be same every time so I'm not saying all the 

values at a time okay so initially name values this one let's say after refreshing the page 

name values got changing like this and after refreshing again another value are getting 

these are the different values are changing for the same attribute in that context I 

have taken this example but one attribute cannot have multiple values one attribute is 

having only one value at a time okay remember that right so practice this example for today's 

session and I will upload one presentation today you guess can go through the presentation and 

whatever locators so far we have understood all the locators are specified here this presentation 

I will show types of locators and different types of locators with an example all the screenshots 

example I have taken everything so this is example for ID so name attribute link text and 

partial link text class name tag name and also CSS selectors whatever so far we covered CSS 

selector how we can use tag and class tag and attribute tag class and attribute the next PATH 

so we have discussed all these Concepts what is next PATH what is Dom document object model so 

you can see this is HTML this is the Dom view of the HTML this is actual web page so then 

absolute xath what is an absolute xath what is relative xath syntax of relative xath xath 

with r operator xath with end operator xath with contains method xath path with starts with 

method xath with the text method okay so I'll share this presentation today you can go through 

each and every slide and try to understand all the examples in tomorrow session I will continue 

xath xath with access yeah so now the difference between CSS and expa what is a major difference 

very popular interview question let us say your Dom is like this this is your Dom structure 

Okay so if when I compare with cs and X paath CSS will go to only top down approach so CSS will 

go from top to down only one directional X paath will multi-directional suppose if there is an 

element here you can get this element from by navigating from the top or we can get this 

element by navigating from the bottom also in all the directions we can get that element 

xath will Traverse throughout all the direction of the Dom whereas CSS will Traverse Only One 

Direction so that's a major difference but how xath is Direct in all the directions today we 

have seen only one direction from the root node we have navigated each and every node and find 

that element from root node and this is again top down approach but how come the Rex paath will 

navigate all the directions by using x paath axis concept so in the tomorrow session I will discuss 

about this how we can TR davers throughout the Dom in all the directions using xath axis so this 

concept we will discuss tomorrow session so there a major difference CSS will navigate only 

in One Direction whereas xath can direct in all the directions we can move in all the directions 

chain X path goes from bottom to top no no no top to bottom so whatever chain X paath today we 

discuss that will go to because we identify parent child and child right so first we have written 

xath for the parent from the parent to we go to child element so this is top down only so this 

is a top down approach so down to top we can do only by using xath axis in the next class I will 

discuss about this okay in all the direction like parent to child child to parent child to child 

okay and parent to parent so like child parent and grandparent so child to grandparent also we 

can directly go similarly from the grandparent to child also we can directly jump so all levels 

of navigations are possible in expar but CSS only top down approach is possible so exper axis 

I will discuss in the tomorrow session in detail okay so I'll stop the session 

today for here and tomorrow we will continue