Bone Fracture: Types & Mechanisms | ANIMATION | Fracture classification | The Young Orthopod NEET PG

hello and welcome to the young author pod and today we will learn about the various types of fractures and their [Music] [Music] mechanism [Music] a fracture is defined as break in the continuity of the bone it can be classified on the basis of pattern of fracture etiology the relationship of the fracture with external environment and the displacement of the fracture fragments [Music] the fracture pattern describes the type of fracture line in a transverse fracture the fracture line is almost perpendicular to the long axis of the bone such a fracture is caused by bending force resulting from the direct blow by a moving object or by the bow striking a resistant object as the name suggests in an oblique fracture the fracture line is oblique and makes an acute angle with the long axis of the bone such a fracture is caused by a bending force which in addition has a component along the long axis of the bone in a spiral fracture the fracture line runs spirally in more than one plane such a fracture is caused by an indirect rotational or twisting force with increasing energy transfer the spiral fractures may have butterfly fragments a combinated fracture is a fracture with multiple fragments it is seen in high energy injuries and also in cases where the crushing force acts along the long axis of the bone in a segmental fracture there are two fractures in one bone but at different levels leading to a free segment in between an impacted fracture is caused when the bone fails in compression for example a depressed fracture of the calcaneus after a fall from a height or a veg compression fracture of the spine this also includes valgus impacted fractures of the femoral neck so the different fracture patterns include transverse fractures oblique fractures spiral fractures community fractures segmental fractures and impacted fractures one more fracture type sometimes included here is the aversion fracture these fractures are caused by traction from a ligament tendon or a capsular insertion they can result from explosive muscular contraction for example an anterior inferior eyelid spine aversion caused by the rectus femoris while kicking these may be also caused by a violent joint movement for example a violent ankle inversion can lead to a version of the base of fifth metatarsal at the peroneus bravis insertion traumatic fracture is a fracture of a bone following a direct or indirect violence a normal healthy bone breaks only when it is subjected to excessive force hence these fractures are caused by the action of an abnormal excessive force on a normal healthy bone the examples of traumatic fractures include fractures caused by a fall road traffic accident fight or an assault a fracture in an abnormal or deceased bone is referred to as pathological fracture a pathological fracture results from action of a normal force on an abnormal weak bone the pathology may be localized to one part of the bone example a tumor deposit or generalized for example osteoporosis and osteomalacia to learn about the details of the pathological fracture please visit our dedicated video on the pathological fractures you can find the link in description of this video a stress or fatigue fracture results from the cyclical application of the normal forces in excessive frequency to the normal bone of a healthy patient leading to break in the bony trabeculae the classic examples include second metatarsal fractures of army recruits popularly known as the march fracture and the fracture of navicular bone in athletes stress fractures are typically seen in military personnel athletes or dancers when the intensity of the exercise is significantly increased from the baseline the fractures are often classified on the basis of position of the distal fracture fragment namely the undisplaced minimally displaced and the displaced fractures an undisplaced fracture is a fracture that is complete but has not moved from its anatomical position similarly a fracture that is very nearly an atomical is said to be minimally displaced when the distal fragment is significantly displaced from its anatomical position then it is called a displaced fracture a displaced fracture is described as the displacement of the distal fragment in relation to the proximal fragment the fracture displacement is described in terms of change in length angulation rotation and translation let's see how a displaced fracture causes change in the limb length apposition is the amount of end-to-end contact of the fracture fragments bayonet apposition means overlap of the fracture fragments in the longitudinal axis here the bone ends have no contact and have slipped past each other the fracture is called offended this result in shortening of the limb length bayonet apposition gets its name from the bayonet rifle excessive traction may result in the opposite deformity leading to distraction angulation is described by the reference to the apex of the fracture in the coronal plane a fracture with displacement of the distal fragments towards the midline with its apex pointing laterally is said to be in varus a fracture with its displacement of the distal fragment away from the midline with the apex pointing towards the midline is said to be in valgus in the sagittal plane a fracture with its apex pointing posteriorly is said to have posterior angulation or to line extension finally where the apex points anteriorly the fracture has anterior angulation or lies in flexion a fracture may be rotated internally or externally this is judged by the appearance of the two bone ends and the position of the distal part of the limb clinically translation occurs when the fracture surfaces have shifted sideways relative to each other depending on the position of the distal fragment a fracture may be translated medially laterally anteriorly or posteriorly or even a combination of these [Music] on the basis of relationship with the external environment fractures can be classified as either closed or open closed fracture is a fracture not communicating with the external environment that is the overlying skin and soft tissues are intact whereas a fracture with break in the overlying skin and the soft tissues leading to the fracture communicating with the external environment is called an open fracture on the basis of complexity of the treatment the fractures can be classified as either simple complex or complicated a simple fracture is a fracture which is relatively easy to treat for example a closed transverse fracture of the tibia a fracture in multiple pieces which is relatively difficult to treat is called complex fracture example a community intra-article fracture of the proximal tibia a fracture is termed as complicated if it is associated with damage to an adjacent neurovascular structures and often requires emergency treatment on the basis of quantum of force causing the fracture the fractures can be classified into high and low velocity injuries a high velocity injury is caused by severe trauma force as in a road traffic accident these fractures are associated with severe soft tissue injury with extensive devascularization of the fracture ends these are usually more complex fractures and difficult to treat such fractures are often unstable and slow to heal the low velocity injuries are caused by mild trauma force as in a fall there is little associated soft tissue injury so this was all about types of fracture and their mechanisms if you enjoyed this video please give it a thumbs up and let us know in the comments below for more interesting content in orthopedics please subscribe to the young author pod and follow us on instagram and facebook we will be back with another topic in orthopedics see you soon