How This Pen Changed The World

This is the BIC Cristal Possibly the most successful product ever made No matter where you are in the world you'll find this pen in homes, offices,

schools and pretty much everywhere else. This iconic design has reached 

every corner of the earth and at some point in and at some point in your life

you've almost certainly used this pen Since it's release in 1950, more than

100 billion of these pens have been sold worldwide blowing the next bestselling products out of the water. Amazingly, the design has remained

basically unchanged for over 70 years and it still continues to dominate the world. With 14 million being sold every day the impact this pen had on the world was monumental. Pen prices dropped and literacy rates shot up but what made this pen so successful? We modeled every last detail to 

show you the incredible story behind this pen and how its clever use of

physics made it the most perfect design. But to really understand how 

revolutionary this pen was, we need to go back in time. In the past, pens were expensive and difficult to use. Traditional quills were messy

and had to be constantly dipped in ink. Because of this writing was seen as more of an art form limited to those who could use a pen. then the fountain pen. Then the fountain pen was invented which had a metallic nib

and could store the ink inside the pen's reservoir. Although this was an improvement,

the nib was scratchy and couldn't control the flow of ink. On top of this, they were still super expensive costing around $150 in today's money. At the time only around 20% of the world could

read and write, and this wasn't making it any easier. But at the end of the 19th century a breakthrough was made. American inventor John Loud came up with a mechanism that fed the ink onto the page using a small ball instead of a thin nib. This would in theory spread the ink more evenly

and stop it from blotching. He had 

just invented the ballpoint pen. While this design worked well on tougher surfaces it was too rough on paper and so his pen never sold. Decades went by and many new designs were made but none of them could master the ballpoint pen. If the ball was too tight in its socket

the ink would clog up and it wouldn't reach the paper. If it was too loose the ink would

leak out and smear all over the page. Getting this right was extremely difficult since the tiny ball was

difficult to make with any kind of accuracy. Then came Laszlo Biro a man with a name you might recognize. He realized that the solution was in the ink. Most pins at the time used thin,

water-based ink which was leaky, slow drying and would seep through the  fibers of the paper. It also relied on gravity to feed the ink into the ball which, depending on the

angle of the pen, gave really poor results. He started experimenting with oil-based inks which were thicker, dried almost instantly and sat 

on top of the paper instead of seeping through. This turned out to be a stroke of genius and it unlocked a unique physical effect that

caused the ink to be mysteriously pulled onto the ball without gravity or any external forces. This is called capillary action and it's what allows water 

to climb tree roots and nutrients to flow around our body. We can see this effect in action by 

placing a thin tube into some water and watching it climb. But what's happening here? The attraction between the liquid and the walls of the tube is stronger than the attraction

that binds the liquid particles together and so the particles at the top

get pulled up by the side of the tube until the weight of the water eventually cancels out the force. In Biro's pen this effect was happening upside down The ink was being pulled through

the ultra thin walls of the tip and onto the ball ensuring that it was constantly covered in ink. Biro quickly patented his design and sent it over 

to the patent office using AnyDesk. Just kidding. AnyDesk weren't around then, but they are around now. AnyDesk - today's sponsor, is a remote access service that allows you to control your device 

from anywhere in the world. All of the animations in this video were

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visit anydesk.com/PRIMALSPACE In order to master the ballpoint pen Biro came up

with a new design that would pull the ink onto the ball without gravity or moving parts,

producing a consistent and smooth line on the page. Biro mastered his design and his 

pen became a hit in South America but there was still one huge problem. The cheapest pen he offered 

cost an incredible $190 in today's money and so although the design was great

he never achieved mass market success. At this point literacy rates had only hit

around 33% and pens remained a luxury item but just a few years later French manufacturer

Marcel Bich discovered Biro's pen and saw a huge opportunity. He bought the patents for $2 million and began designing a new and improved version

that could be mass-produced for a much cheaper price. With the help of state-of-the-art Swiss watchmaking machines he developed a method for

mass-producing tiny stainless steel balls to within a fraction of a millimeter. Instead of using metal for the rest of the pen he bought machines that could mold plastic something that had only 

been around for a few years at this point. This was the end result. Although it may just look like a pen it's hard to overstate just

how perfect this design turned out to be. There were no moving parts, springs or complex materials yet every element had multiple purposes. Let's take a closer look. The pen had a hexagonal barrel like a pencil which stopped 

it from rolling off tables and made it easier to grip. It was made from polystyrene which was strong, cheap

and transparent, allowing the ink level to be seen at all times. There was a tiny hole on the barrel

which allowed air to enter and replace ink as it left the pen. The ink inside the cartridge 

was a special recipe that maximized the capillary effect while still producing a good quality line. The ink flowed into the tip of the pen

which contained the stainless steel ball. The ball was machined so accurately and could move just enough to spin and deposit ink onto the page. When the pen wasn't being used the ball would create a seal stopping ink from leaking out of the bottom. If the pen was turned upside down the

capillary action and the surface tension of the ink would stop it from falling out the back of the pen. The lid which also doubled as a the clip was made from 

polypropylene which absorbed impacts and stopped the pen from cracking. The pen was so perfectly simple

and solved every problem that plagued previous pens. Most of all it was cheap, hitting the market in 1950 at just $2. It was an instant success selling around 10,000 units daily in 

France during its first year. Marcel realized how English- speaking countries

were pronouncing his name so he dropped the H and the BIC name was born. Marcel understood the importance of economies of 

scale and he quickly expanded to other continents setting up factories all over the world. By 1953 he was already selling 40 million pens per year and the BIC Cristal took over the world. Now anyone in the world

who wanted to write or draw could do so and it was easy. The world had secretly been begging for this product

and it came at the perfect time. Over the next 50 years 100 billion of these pens were sold and literacy rates went from 35% to almost 90% It's almost impossible to imagine life without this pen and the fact that its design has remained

almost exactly the same since day one shows just how perfect it was. And now for the Primal Space giveaway. The winner of the previous 

giveaway is Adrien. Congrats! In the next giveaway we'll be giving away this Primal Space designed space shuttle print available in our store. All you need to do is sign up at the the link below, like the video and leave a comment saying what you think of this pen's design. Thank you very much for watching

and I'll see you in the next video.