Lecture no 3 :The layout design of the nuclear medicine department

thank you hello everyone today we will talk about the layout design of nuclear medicine facilities this lecture prepared by Professor Dr Muhammad dayumi and myself Dr Islam camel to so let's start together to talk about nuclear medicine activity classification Imaging process typically out classifications of areas special preparation forms and air and areas so we will start with classification of nuclear medicine facilities classification of nuclear medicine facilities or nuclear medicine departments which is based on icrp 57 here we are defining the category of Hazard in your community Department depending on the weighted activity which activity means that you have to multiply the maximum activity administrated in a surgeon facility occurred by two waiting Factor one of them depends on the radio toxicity of he used a radioisotope and the other one based on the operation activity so to categorize or to uh to assign the hazard of uh Nuclear Medicine facility we have to multiply the maximum activity that can be instantly present on the working area multiplied by two waiting factors okay one of them related to revenue client and other one is related to the type of operation as you can see here in Arduino Clyde weight in fact we find we have different classes okay if Class A Class B Class C Class E here you will find selenium strontium iodine 125 that one three 131 here you will find the waiting factor is 100 that means it has a higher higher incomparable with carbon 11 nitrogen 13 all 15 of fluorine 18 and magnesium 99 M you will find here working factor is one why do we are talking about V nonsense or Krypton or carbon 14 here's the weak effect is 4.01 soul the radius of which lower weighting Factor that's mean it it has less radio toxicity while if we are talking about the original flight which has a higher weighting Factor that's mean it has a higher rate toxicity so we have to multiply the activity or the administrative activity by this waiting factor to uh to get the better a classification of other of Nuclear Medicine facility here as you can see here you will find that based on type of operation or even the area of operation you'll find different tweaking factors values here if you are talking about the storage where there is no uh the storage that means there is a storage of redirected material but there is no operation there there is no person who is doing a certain walk that's that means which in fact will be very less which is 0.01 why if you are talking about a regional client Administration here you will find the waiting factor is one that means there is Operation there is activity we are dealing with radioactive material with third a certain time so which effect will become higher so now you know the idea about the weighting factor in different areas in different uh uh operation activity and you know the waiting factor with different progenic lights so if you want to classify the wheat is a hazard of any new convention facility you have to multiply the administrative activity by the two weighting factors so as you can see here in this slide which categorize the hazard as you can see low Hazard medium Hazard High hazard if you are talking about low Hardware here we are talking The Waiting activity is less than 50 Mega percel while medium other 50 to 50 gigabaker higher than 50 gigabaker it's high Hazard so this value comes from where you have to multiply the administrated activity at the surgery area by the two weighting Factor so you can mention departments are usually in the medium Hazard category except for facility with regenerate life therapy and originalized stock production like cyclotron which fall and high Hazard category Okay so most of uh or nuclear media facilities we are talking about medium holder from 50 megapixel to 50 gigabaker while for higher Hazard only for cyclotron and high Dove therapy okay here a classification based on activity as I mentioned before you'll find sometimes the radiation lab in University hospital or used for not for diagnosis for purpose but used for research we are using low level of radioactive material low level of radioactive activities so at the time it's it's classified as diagnostic environmental level one so level one provide basic and general and nuclear medicine surface it will be operated to size this level of facility as a first apartment in an area that has a basic primary and secondary Healthcare infrastructure but perhaps not territory like a universal Medical Services okay so if you are talking about the hospital or radiation lab in Northern Hospital University I'm talking about sorry I'm talking about Universe University so we are talking about lowest radiation level or diagnostic nuclear medicine level one here in diagnostic nucleus and level 2 able to offer specialize in diagnostic neocrine medicine Imaging clothing cardiac oncological investigation addition to level one surface at this level more complex equipments like tomographic capability and quantification infrastructure Human Resources will be required and level 3 the world operates at highest level using complex equipments such as hybrid setting single Photon computer tomography spec CT cameras to perform a specialized investigation this is a most resource intensive level foreign for therapy like iodine 131 here also based on the activity for thropility we have uh we can talk about load of therapy or hydrotherability therapy it might be less than 30 millicure so and we are dealing with outpatient here the patient is coming just to take the dose and isolate himself at home but with your talking this is in level one so in level one provides occupational services to administer limited amount of radioactivity to patients relatively modest support with regard to Patient isolation and waste management is required okay but it's not a big uh it's not a big issue here because we are giving the patient low radioactive material less than 30 ml cool it is only for little therapy for especially for iodine I I 131 or even any other radioactive material with lowest activity T which and not require a high isolation or long isolation time but if you are talking about hydrotherapy so therapeutic nuclements are level two so we are talking about impatience here in patients patient itself is isolating himself in our department for 30 time maybe three to five days till we make sure that the permissible tools or the radiation exposure are coming out from the patient is not exceeding or less than the permissible uh those limits for the time we will permit the patient to uh to be released out the hospital so that's why we are using designated isolation facility and we have infrastructure will include uh designated isolation facility where the patient can remain for necessary following a destination following administration of high activity regulatory treatment I probably traditional monitoring equipment and protected waste storage areas are essential staff must be trained to administer hydrogenuclide activity in a safe way here we will talk about technical requirements for different other categories as I mentioned before category has a low medium higher so we are talking about the uh the the uh the special preparation uh inside the each category for example Services fianca Board room ventilation Plumbing or first aid so if I if we talk about low feathers so floor should be cleanable surface should be cleanable so it would not require role ventilation here as a normal facilities Plumbing here is thunder first aid washing is necessary in this case so in medium Hazard we are talking about this different medicine facilities so we have to make the full non-preneurial or easily or easy to be cleaned and not not allowing you to actually to be absorbed or to be absorbed inside the floor the surface also the cleanable if your mood here is mandatory especially if you are talking about any volatility directive material uh raw methylation here should be good okay and plumbing heat should be standard first adult washing and decontamination facilities it's highly wired here for any special contamination or personal a radiation uh decontamination as well okay so I gave you an example now if we are talking about construction standard for Pet City unit including the following so now flowing shall be adequate to make load required that's very important to make sure that your floor has is adequate to uh uh to the to to carry or to uh to is adequate for the overload of our Echo bet Aqua equipment might reach to 6000 kilograms so at that time it's very heavy so we are dealing with heavy equipment so our floor should be adequal to b or this uh weight front wall should be constructed of materials that are easily decontaminated it's easy for this evolves going out and so the floor walls will be easy to be decontaminated in case of radioactive spells wall should contain necessary support system for either built-in or mobile Oxygen vacuum that's important for any patient for anything happen we can we have to we have to protect the oxygen support or help inspiration for to save his life in case of any emergency other point which is important provision for cable trades ducks or candidates should be made in floors walls and ceiling as required uh sitting height should be a minimum of three meters in scanning room which is important because you will find the machine height as well should be and machine height should machine has to be contained well in in the scan room and three meters is three meters uh enough enough distance to include the machine and also to give enough space for move Vans for maintenance so that's important and should be considered in the constructions typical facility a bit difficult with facility rooms or typical rooms okay if we are talking about if we are thinking about the layout or the design for the expert in medical physics if someone asks you we need your advice or your consultation regarding nuclear medicine department or Pet City facility so you have to think like you have to think about the design the design so there are there are important rooms should be there there are cold zones there are hot zones there are full filter zones so you have to consider that in your design call Zoom filter Zoom hold Zone Hot Zone or cold Zone where there is no activities there is no radiation activity the places where we are receiving is a patient like reception area like a normal toilets all these it's like coal it's it's called call Zoom so if we are talking about hot zooms though so these Dunes were the radio pharmaceutical preparation and patient injection or uptake room or scanner room or hot toilet for a pet patient or for nuclear medicine patients mgroom radioactive waste and radioactive storage room so you have to consider that any place containing radioactive material so at that time it's called whole zone or containing patient who is injected with radioactive material so it's called the whole Zone but it's a place where there is no radioactive material there is no activity there is no radiation there so it's called cold room so what about the filter Zone and changing room filter Zoom this Zone where you are moving from the controlled area to supervise the area so at that time you are moving from a certain place to another place from the place which is hot to another Bridge Which is less which has less radioactive material like what if we are moving from half lab after radio pharmaceutical preparation so we are moving from hot lab to another room to uh to uh injection room for example so at that time you have to move in a certain room or a certain area which cons which considered as a filter Zone to detect if there is any radiation contamination or to detect the radiation measurements okay at that area so as the time it's safe or not safe it's possible or negatives to move from the controlled area or from the whole Zone to the other zones so it's called filter zone so it's like monitoring system also it's like a monitoring room to monitor the radiation level so here you have to put your mind so now if I'm thinking about the layout of nuclear medicine I will think about I have to receive the radioactive material sir first of all all receiving separation so let us think or let us make a a design like that okay so here yeah if you are thinking about this layout okay so you have to ask yourself what I need exactly if I'm thinking now how to design the layout for your convention department so now I let's draw together uh the layout or the proper layout okay for Nuclear Medicine facility so you have to know very well that you have your adaptation and you have radioactive material or radioisotope this patient come to your department for this patient will be should come to your department so afterwards patient talking with the reception area and make a registration for the patient this patient has to move to Vital sign room or doctor investigation to measure the pressure to measure a blood sugar to be sure that the patient is able to do the scan after that the patient has to go to the changing room to change his clothes at that time the patient become ready so the patient will go to injection room after changing his Clauses to both your canola to be cannulated okay and to be ready for injection after injection the patient will stay there for a certain time maybe you have an hour one hour it depends on the type of the scan so the patient will go to scan room okay so after scanning okay but in between here you need insides as the injection room hot toilet this for the patient to vote to void before going to the scan after scan rooms the patient will come again to uh uh well uh come again to uh to the injection room to stay there to take the decision if the patient ready to leave the department or not okay so the patient will come again to the changing room to change his clothes exit enter exit gate which is different from the entrance gate okay so you have to uh we have to consider this in our design we have to get exit gate which is different from the entrance okay so the vision go to the parking to uh take his car and go outside the department so now for the patient Journey you have to go to Vital sign room so after that we'll go to changing room to change it closes we'll go to injection room okay so we'll go to the scanner room after doing the scan the patient we'll come back to stay injection room to just take their decision also we'll go back to the changing room so we'll exit from the Department in this way so this is the wall patient workflow okay so if we are talking about the patient workflow will be like that so if we are talking about the radio stop workflow this is another point we'll talk about it now thank you so now if we are talking about coming out so zero should be a certain way for radioactive material entrance to enter our department material and check man check it you have to make all uh you have to make all measure safety measures you have to check the package you have to save the radiations if there is any contamination so after receiving and has to go to good where hot lab is the place where the radio pharmaceutical preparation there so you have to prepare the radioactive material so hot lab here it has to be uh close to the injection room or those Administration room and it's preferable to make a window here to give the doors through this window otherwise you have to board the the syringe or the doors or the radio pharmaceutical after preparation on a trolley or a proper uh carrier ceiling carrier to move from the hot lab to the injection room so it's preferable to consider that a new design to make the injection rooms besides a hot labrum like and also for each injection room you have to bought uh a hot toilet okay which is uh important for any patient to go for avoiding before the scan so okay so and this is the injection room so and also you have to uh make something which is very important for any radioactive material waste room this waste room is very important to be considered because after preparation for all syringe for all vials you have to do that Weekly you have to discard all vials your syringe okay and you have to discard it and you have to measure it okay and if it exceeds a certain value at that time you have to keep it for a certain time maybe 10 half life if we are talking about short half-life or 20 Half-Life we are talking about longer Half-Life or long uh or higher activity so uh West room it's important to be by end of the department and also if you have a generator so you can keep it in the storage room so that's important as a pathway for hot lab after Decay so restroom it's discarded as a normal waste foreign for pathway of radioactive material and patient work flow as well so here as you can see here our interns sorry if the patient comes from outside this is cold room okay so after that the patient go to uh this is a normal okay so uh and this is a physicist taking showroom doctor's room all these shopping in a low activity it's away from gamma camera room it's away from a radio Pharmacy lab or the hot lab or those Administration injection rooms so all these are reactive storage or decontamination all this should be aware it should be in the zone where uh the high activity so you have to consider that in your uh in your layout so also you have to put here a certain exit so after the patient go into the uh um finishing the scan so you have the patients who have to go out from the Department so now as you can see here you can find pros and cons for each layout for each design so you have to avoid a drawbacks of each layout Zone as as much as you can so it's not um you have to compromise this and you have to consider this in your uh design so if we make something here now if I want to design your commitment I don't want to say this is the perfect one okay but we can't think together okay all what I need now I have to make I have to considered two important thing once the anticipation the other one is the other one is the radioactive material itself so if I consider your this is a reception area where is the patient here also you have to consider normal toilets for the patient who is sitting here in the uh in this area so in this area will be is my perception area it's a patient from this way okay [Music] this is for a patient who is coming before injection at that time security should be here or reception so it has to inform the patient all instruction and informs the patient that there is a sparking so you have to bring your car as a parking area because and the exit also should be a department should be connected with uh the parking area so after the patient after finishing the scan and the addition patient has to leave throughout the time we can we can guide the patient to go directly from the exit gate to the parking area and to take his car outside the hospital so that's important to be considered at the beginning so it's preferable also to be increments in department at the basement okay because that's important to be close to the as a parking area to avoid to go through the lift and to go down through the lift so uh he might meet with uh oh it's children so it might be ready okay so after that we can consider this area as a whole room here is asserting it okay so navigation offer that has to go to the Vital sign room vital room taking blood sugar pressure weight and height all these measures so and also should be investigation by Dr Andrew determine exactly the type of the scan so after that the patient has to go to changing room okay so after changing his Clauses the patient has to go to uh [Music] or Okay so those Administration through here those Administration rooms should be wide enough uh to feel the patient that is comfortable that there is no stress and it's prepared with a certain tool like oxygen pump or oxygen or DC uh or all all through the short saves the patient life that's important to be considered in those Administration room as well so here those Administration room it might be two room three rooms it depends on the capacity of the department itself so foreign okay and you can make here both rooms for storage and Western and you have to make here as this exit and a certain entrance for radioactive material to come directly to receiving achievement room so the radioactive material come from this way and this is the age of the patient changing room and you can make make here in front of the chain is the injection room the scanner room and here you can make technician room and physician room or reporting room okay so you have to know I have to consider something from low activity to highest activity low too high those okay so you have to make a special entrance okay and throws the whole step and you have to make your window from the hot lab as much as you can to the those Administration rooms should be closed enough okay to avoid any contamination and because if you are carrying the syringe and those from the hot lab to uh to a room which is away from the hot Lab at that time a new edition accident might happen or any contamination might have easily happen in the department as I mentioned before that those Administration rooms should contain a hot toilet otherwise you have to you have to uh you have to assign a certain place in the department as a whole toilet which is a only for patient not never been used by uh uh stuff in the department so you have to consider that for for patient and also you have to you have to water addition signage and you have to a radiation warning there and you have to tell the patient you have to make flash two or three times after usage that's important to uh to to discard or to remove any or to avoid any radiation contamination foreign facility will have a nuclei out there are some general rules of to follow as they informed with you patient toilet room should be a should be considered and also if you are thinking about the isolation rooms used for nuclear medicine for iodine therapy there is another uh layout should be considered because you have to as your implements in Department should consider the halt lab and rooms which has inside the certain toilet this toilet is a hot toilet is used for the patient during the isolation period at the same time you have to also have to consider here a nursing station in your department nursing station is very important and to monitor the patient and to and also resting room should be connected with the CCTV camera okay to monitor the patient as a patient uh is important okay stuff toilet is different from patient toilets especially if you are talking about hot toilet for a patient okay as I mentioned before you have to consider separation between non-radioactive areas from radioactive sensitive reductions whereas like whole flap like radioactive waste room like storage room or radioactive storage room should be separated from uh knowledge reactive areas like a reception area like uh should be away from the radioactive area also and you can mentioned we we consider the area where the workers or where the radiation worker has to be there it's like hot lab room restroom or storage room or control room for the scanners it's a control it's called controlled area otherwise new commits is considered as a supervised area supervised area if we are talking about where there is a patient patient and the worker as well together at the same place that's why it's it's called the supervised area so if I ask me about the uh uh the whole toilet or changing room or injection room so now we are talking about supervised area okay but if we are talking about control room of scanner even a control room of the scanner or scanner itself it's controlled area or hot lab is controlled area westerns controlled area storage is a radioactive storage also controlled area okay missions of circulation should be as much as possible separated okay some staff functions may be located within the surface or in a component irrigation that's charged with another surface offices and all functions that are more directly involved with the process should be located outside of the radiation area okay as I informed you we should not mix without a patient traffic but you pharmaceutical and patients specimens received from outside the department require access to the lab by a card or hand delivery specimens and and submerged information can be sent outside for use in other departments with a radioactive list are going outside what is possible that's what that's that's why which is which has to be connected with certain areas to outside the department after Decay after making sure that the waste is completely decayed so it has to be uh it has to be discarded as a normal waste okay here here as you can see here in this picture here is and exit here for the uh for the patient after doing the scan okay so you have to design you know you have to think in your medicine facility design considering all what I mentioned before considering the entrance and the exit of patient entrance on the exit of radioactive material so so to main uh to main process or to main item should be considered in your mind during the design of your con Medicine facility it's a patient and radioactive material itself the pathway of the patient and more the patient and federal buff way as well from receiving the redirecting material and the receiving the patient and tells us time you say goodbye to the patient till the time you discard the radioactive material as a normal Quest so all this as I mentioned should be considered in the design of the direct nuclear medicine Department also you have to make sure that all toilets are all toilets are connected with a Decay tank stores which is important for uh for uh for Waste Management you have to make sure that all hot toilets or effluent volume coming out from your convincing Department which contain radioactive material or a certain concentration should be connected with a whole dedicated tank system is important to make sure that the annual limit intake or the activity concentration not exceeding the annual limit intake as per the local regulatory body okay local regulatory body foreign [Music] administration of radio pharmaceutical or hot waiting rooms considered as controlled area rooms for storage and the care for you pharmaceutical Imaging rooms rooms for patients regular pharmaceutical therapy meets the criteria for control day and should be full design as I mentioned before we can consider the only place where there is no patient okay as controlled area but if the this place is is allowed to uh is containing patient patients allowed to go inside like uh in those injection room so at that time it's considered as a supervised area not uncontrolled area okay may include the examination rooms props corridors and other areas where there are patients who have been administrated with radio Pharmaceuticals okay so a special preparation for rooms and areas okay our reception area is access to the department this is about 15 minutes to be away from also all these instructions will be legal and can be uh as a warning sign for breastfeeding for pregnant patient okay and for as for pregnant and for breastfeeding there are a certain instructions shall be given to the patients so that's important to to be there in the reception area the entrance doors would be normally kept closed that's important and often unnecessary by stuff and then come over video system may be adopted that's important intercom to it's important to call the patient by intercom no need to go until the patient with instructions after injection but rather come is very important patient please come to the scanner room or please follow this conference Channel please come for uh for toilet please come to uh any uh or any instruction should be given to the patient and should be given throws and to come and also the patient need help or need to ask about anything you can use an account for this purpose Outlets will be located adjacent to Patient dosing room as an informed user directives version the preparation area will be generally be equipped with should manipulation cells the transportation of radio pharmaceutical from the hot lab to the patient preparation room should be performed using shoulder containers and trolley or special device connecting the whole Lab within the patient preparation room for a quality control also as a quality manufacturer practice and recommended to make the quality control for region pharmaceutical after preparation of radio pharmaceutical you have to do quality control so it's preferable to make another room for quality control to check their quality of labeling or labeling efficiency between the radioactive material and pharmaceutics used as you can see here you will find different shapes and different companies okay and which provide you with literal linking material as you can see here this bench which is manufactured by stainless steel to be easy to be cleanable and to be easy to it to be easier for cleaning and this also this cupboard which is used a little couple and you have to you can use it to store some radioactive material calibration sources okay and also other tools so uh here also this led L-shaped L-shaped LG block or and this window is lit glass which is which which enable you to use to prepare the radioactive material under this lead glass and you can see the radioactive material but at the same time protecting you from radiation Hazard and this um also this as you can see this all this for those calibrator chamber and this motor for those calibers to check and to measure the dose of preview Pharmaceutical okay so this it's important to make sure that your hot lab is composed of Steel stainless steel material okay easy cleaner also the ground should be composed of a manufacture from a certain material which is easy to be cleanable and also unpermeable so not allowed for any drops or any material to be absorbed inside okay because this whole flab room is one of the most common area for as pillage and radiation contamination also here you will find that this one is cell wholesale is used for uh for Pet City for fdg Preparation and this one is very heavy it's around 6000 kilogram so we have to make sure that the floor can carry this weight and also also this is also here you can see on the right side it's a View mode okay and this is lead glass to prevent the radiation coming out from inside to outside and this film Hood already connected with a ventilation system okay which which is called any radioactive Vapors or radioactive airs outside and prevent E dust or any material come from inside outside so that's why the pressure inside is negative pressure okay here in the whole cell of pet City also you have to make sure that the uh uh that you are wearing anti-x operon Antics are being used for a to protect against beta particles not against x-ray organ radiation okay because the many Hazard here is beta particles we have to protect yourself from Peter particle during preparation also tungsten syringe can be used is which has a high high atomic number and high density so it can be used instead of lead in building the uh teen by our energy 500 Revenue later involved with lower thickness than material foreign [Music] dozing rooms and this is our hot lab here okay so hot lab here is near to the patient losing room for and this window can be used for transferring the radioactive material from the hot lab tools ambition losing room and also this QC room which is considered to be separated from the hot lab okay for as a good manufacturer practical lines so should be separated for the pharmaceutical preparation especially if you are dealing with a higher radioactive material like F18 and this is a filter Zone as I mentioned before this is important to check the radiation when you are going from the hot lab to other areas okay should be checked if there is any contamination happening if there is any contamination and and this can be done by using fourth hand contamination detector or also a area monitor to check if there is any radiation or personal contamination happened okay in this area before going to supervised area or any other rooms okay here as you can see radio pharmaceutical Administration room you'll find this uh here you'll find spillage or not spellage is waistband which is important this lid is composed of lead material you can remove this cover easily okay this is the cover and but here's a series can you let everything related to the patient or in absorption sheet and this lid should be fixed here and to protect from to protect or to prevent any addition to be going out and expose the worker and if the uh if if this waistband reached to uh two-thirds the amount to share the full amount of the waste at that time we have to discard it and we have to measure and we have to vote it in the waste room and to keep it for some time till it reach background radiation okay this is the different shapes and different design all of them it has to bring this chair which is very comfortable to the patient and uh which is important to to be checked also by end of the day to check if there is any contamination happened during those Administration or uh patient release thanks also all things things should be connected with the halt lab thanks uh it's very important we compose of stainless steel material which is a non-absorbent material and also it's more easy to be cleanable and uh also this water make dilution and discard any radioactive material and also in case of personal contamination you can use warm water and soup to remove any uh any radioactive radioactivity from your hand at that time so uh if the regressibility allow the release of air goes waste to the silver a special thing shall be used local rules or for this charge shall be available the same shall be easy to do contaminate special flushing units are available for the new things the waste and minimize the contamination of the thing also as well all these uh drain or the this this thing should be connected with the Decay holding system all Decay holding tank this stand which keep the radioactive material for a certain time to reassure that the concentration activity uh foreign okay so this Decay whole tank should be monitored by area monitors or addition area monitor to know the concentration activity inside washing the facility it's important also to use washing effective Workshop thing it could be located in the dose preparation area and adjacent to working area and also tabs should be operable without direct hand contact and disposable towels or head Air Dryer should be available as well it's important to be used only for patients and we have to guide the patient to use a flush two or more or two or three times after usage okay and also this all these hot oils should be connected with uh tank uh tank Decay system or holding tank as I informed you before as I informed you here the facility should include a sign requesting a patient to flush the toilet well and wash their hands include the warship saying as a normal hygiene measure be finished in a materials that are easily decontaminated that's very important consider wall mounting sanitary where where so that the floor is completely clear resting room resting room is the room after injection we can mix a patient to stay in a certain room which is called restroom or holding area which has to be monitored with CTV camera okay and also be finished animators that are easily decontaminated lies that can be that can be done should be quiet area should be separate area for each patient as well if you are talking especially if you are talking about fdg patient because every distribution is important to stay in a quiet area which because any noise any stress area it will affect on the Effigy by distribution inside the patient body your dispensing area we finishing materials that are easily decontaminated and be tidy as well in case of personal decontamination or in case of personal contamination contamination you have to take a shower to remove any radiation radiation is built from your body see you again okay so now under your active with the storage area this has to be there in the department must be incorporated into or adjacent to bed City facility or it's near to the also you will find that in inside the scanner room inside the injection area inside the hot lab with pen West pen is electroded okay to contain any radioactive waste immediately in case you are injecting the patient and they use the cotton used or you have to bought all of them any absorbent chains in a waistband after that you have to by end of the day or when this West pen be full okay to Third from the full amount at that time you can have to carry it to the you have to move it to the is lower the background level of radiation if it's higher than the background radiation we have to record that and you have to keep it for some times okay uh uh maybe around 10 half lives of this type of radioactive Source okay so after a Decay and reach less than five microchippers per hour so you can discard it as a normal waste which is six hours of eating is easily to uh to Decay and reach background radiation holding then connect them to the bathroom the best devices were required from form local Regulatory Agencies asked me to do holding indicating which has to be connected with uh with all water drain or all toilets things inside the department as you have to make sure that the concentration activity gone out to the means exactly and it means the annual limit intake you can also use a reference I.E technical enhanced document 1714 okay this reference is very important to the cases in calculations if the bed facility is located within European medicine Department this can be assembly accomplished by connecting the bed bathroom to the delayed holding tanks on the nuclear medicine Department as informed you you will find that also certain containers like that these four sharps and this one for non-trops and this one for long life fragile is top and this one for long life I long guys so this one for Sharp and this one for non-sharp in non-radioactive waste so you are different containers inside the department one for Sharp one for none short one for long life chart one for long life non-charp that's important okay you have to keep the sharps separated from as a noun sharp like the Searing body itself but chart should be separated and also we have to keep the non-radioactive waste alone okay away from the radioactive waste all this should be as you can see here okay which contains a radioactive material there's another also if we are talking about radioactive material short half-life ways for technician file here for gallium 67 or thallium 201 you can use this pin for longer Half-Life and this game for short half-life but for A9 as you have to use this [Music] so we have to be careful about that in in case if you are dealing with iodine 131 why you have to see it in field or you have to use waistband which line inside by the uh the perspective or load Dynasty material and the outside with high density material also in the diagnostic room in gamma camera or PC2 rooms the flow floor should be leveling well that's important for mechanical stability of the machine and also it has to be covered with a certain material which prevent uh the permeability of any radioactive Spirits or drops and uh and also the height should be enough as I mentioned before three meters to be enough for the machine height and for maintenance for any issue all cables should be here in the ceiling should be above uh uh should be above and should be embedded inside the ceiling itself not from outside and not affecting all the building of the founding material of the construction of the ceiling itself you know approach will be accurately the problems of misalignments that's important the floor and load so be carefully considered the floor should should be able to carry the machine weight that's important okay also radiation signage should be everywhere even with the achievement achievement coming from outside the department equipment should be okay okay and we will talk about that in another lecture okay how to change the radiation back into comment from outside the transport index the activity conditions the old documents are related to the position back to GSL to make sure that you are receiving the correct one okay okay we'll talk about this one later in next lecture okay also ventilation is very important we have to use film mode or a few Hood also is important in case you are dealing with you this one this is a gas which is a is which is unhealed by patient or by staff might cause problems so we have to discard all these guys using this film has connected okay and so I'm using carbon filter here which absorb all the gases so this one is connected with which is connected outside the building itself to discard all genome gas so that's important if you are dealing with iodine 131 to make sure that you are you have a few mood and you've got ventilation system those cars are a dying gas okay especially if you are going to this uh if you are going to give the patient a capsule or give the patient balls using the iodine capsule at that time you have to remove the cover for a certain time to discard all all xenon gas okay uh maybe 10 minutes or 15 minutes before before uh before administration of the laws okay that's important especially if you are going to uh hold or you are going to touch the wire containing the radioactive material you have to use this forceps okay and uh to keep a distance away from the radioactive Source because it's a Pity meter so it might affect on it might give you uh might a failure it might increase the radiation exposure to your hand foreign [Music] by blue sheets or sheets or absorption sheets and also floors and walls this absorbency is very important for any radiation contamination having during preparation of radio Pharmaceuticals for storage I can use this net breaks which is most commonly used to store the radioactive sources inside and to prevent the inner radiation exposure outside and also this uh or this uh this structure you can use it and you can make it handmade should be customized or you can order it from different companies Rover's wallet and you can you can make it handmade it's okay it's working well and it will be less less costly okay regarding ventilation which is very important okay to remove or to discard any uh preparation you have to change or any Vapors might contain some redirected materials which has to be changed go now how the that's why we have to use the a we have to use a good ventilation system with a negative pressure which enable us to remove the air 15 to 20 times per hour in case of you are dealing with hot lab in the room of the hot lab if you are using it for therapy or diagnosis or a sick room or thick room therapy six to ten times controlled areas six times filter zone two times so it depends on the activity of radioactive material uh inside the room itself you have to change the air inside foreign you you can use carbon filter okay to remove or to remove material s and that's why it's also here a form that must be people very well and some will be a recently unfortunately again okay there are two points here as I mentioned before that hot lab has to be negative pressures that means that means a volatile contamination within the hot lab should be discarded or should be discard outside the hot lab but in good manufacturer practice guidelines you will find that to avoid the entering any Hazard or dust or or Vapors from outside to the hot lab should be a hot lab should be positive pressure so we have now a problem okay because you want to expel or expel the volatile and at the same time you have you want to prevent any dust come from outside to inside so that's why we have we have to use a special filter this special filter has something which is called chimneys chimney okay this filter should be connected to you with the hot lab as you can see okay uh uh uh this this filter okay with Hashem new has a negative pressure to remove the potential radioactive real contaminant okay which is produced inside the whole Lab okay and uh and this only filters is used to remove the to remove the contaminant or the volatile contaminant from the hot lab okay and at the same time you will uh uh and and will prevent this filter will prevent at the same time to enter any uh uh any dust or any vapor from outside to the hot lab so using this using this filter it's important to to maintain the pressure gradient from the hot lab to the filter Zone which will embed the axis of non-treated air towards the hot lab and at the same time will allow the expulsion toward a controlled exit of radio contamination so all this in your mind so using filter is very important and a sort of chimney with negative pressure should be connected with this filter also our guidelines and our is you can use it like i8600 the radiation protection and safety medical user financing radiation SSG 46 and icrp publication 140 geological protection in therapy with the in pharmaceutical and the IE human health series 37 new commission resources manual 2020 Edition and also Zion guide for newer medicine substances Laboratories and new Criminal rooms gd52 you can use its published already in 2010 so you can use all these references in your design of Nuclear Medicine facility thank you so much and inshallah in the next session will will try to talk in deeply about the operation inside the nuclear medicine Department thanks